If you’re having trouble syncing Office files, the Office Upload cache system may be interfering with OneDrive sync. Try turning off the related setting in OneDrive settings.

Right-click the white OneDrive cloud icon in the notification area, at the far right of the taskbar.
(You might need to click the Show hidden icons arrow next to the notification area to see the OneDrive icon.)
Click Settings, and then clear the Use Office to work on files with other people at the same time check box.

IMPORTANT When you turn off the Use Office to work on files with other people at the same time setting, any changes that you and other people make to Office files in your OneDrive will no longer merge together automatically.

Unicode

Unicode does not fit into 8 bits, not even into 16. Although only 110,116 code points are in use, it has the capability to define up to 1,114,112 of them, which would require 21 bits.

However, computers have advanced since the 1970s. An 8 bit microprocessor is a bit out of date. New computers now have 64 bit processors, so why can’t we move beyond an 8 bit character and into a 32 bit or 64 bit character?

The first answer is: we can!

A lot of software is written in C or C++, which supports a “wide character”. This is a 32 bit character called wchar_t. It is an extension of C’s 8 bit char type. Internally, modern Web browsers use these wide characters (or something similar) and can theoretically quite happily deal with over 4 billion distinct characters. This is plenty for Unicode. So –internally, modern Web browers use Unicode.

Unicode in chrome can be fickle, especially when working outside of the BMP.

So if browsers can deal with Unicode in 32 bit characters, where is the problem? The problem is in the sending and receiving, and reading and writing of characters.

The problem remains because:

A lot of existing software and protocols send/receive and read/write 8 bit characters
Using 32 bits to send/store English text would quadruple the amount of bandwidth/space required

Although browsers can deal with Unicode internally, you still have to get the data from the Web server to the Web browser and back again, and you need to save it in a file or database somewhere. So you still need a way to make 110,000 Unicode code points fit into just 8 bits.

There have been several attempts to solve this problem such as UCS2 and UTF-16. But the winner in recent years is UTF-8, which stands for Universal Character Set Transformation Format 8 bit.

UTF-8 is a clever. It works a bit like the Shift key on your keyboard. Normally when you press the H on your keyboard a lower case “h” appears on the screen. But if you press Shift first, a capital H will appear.

UTF-8 treats numbers 0-127 as ASCII, 192-247 as Shift keys, and 128-192 as the key to be shifted. For instance, characters 208 and 209 shift you into the Cyrillic range. 208 followed by 175 is character 1071, the Cyrillic Я. The exact calculation is (208%32)*64 + (175%64) = 1071. Characters 224-239 are like a double shift. 226 followed by 190 and then 128 is character 12160: ⾀. 240 and over is a triple shift.

UTF-8 is therefore a multi-byte variable-width encoding. Multi-byte because a single character like Я takes more than one byte to specify it. Variable-width because some characters like H take only 1 byte and some up to 4.

Best of all it is backward compatible with ASCII. Unlike some of the other proposed solutions, any document written only in ASCII, using only characters 0-127, is perfectly valid UTF-8 as well – which saves bandwidth and hassle.

Unicode chart

Three ways to enter Unicode characters in Windows

In Microsoft Word you can insert Unicode characters by typing the hex value of the character then typing Alt-x. You can also see the Unicode value of a character by placing the cursor immediately after the character and pressing Alt-x. This also works in applications that use the Windows rich edit control such as WordPad and Outlook.

First create a registry key under HKEY_CURRENT_USER of type REG_SZ called EnableHexNumpad, set its value to 1, and reboot. Then you can enter Unicode symbols by holding down the Alt key and typing the plus sign on the numeric keypad followed by the character value. When you release the Alt key, the symbol will appear.

Another option is to install the UnicodeInput utility.

Microsoft Standard English (United States 101) Keyboard Typing International & Special Characters using the <Alt> key and the right-side numeric keypad. <Num Lock>key must be on! NOTE* Not all characters are available in all font faces or in all browsers – the following table is based on the *Times-New Roman* or Arial font face and Internet Explorer v5.5. Consult the Microsoft Character Map to see what special characters are available for different fonts on your system. These special characters also work with the Microsoft English US-International keyboard.
Press and hold the <Alt> key while typing the numbers shown to make the special characters:
Alt 0128	€	Euro currency symbol	Alt 0195	Ã	A tilde
Alt 0131	ƒ	Florin, Guilder or Gulden	Alt 0196 Alt 142	Ä	A umlaut
Alt 0132	„	Base line double quote	Alt 0197 Alt 143	Å	A ring
Alt 0133	…	Ellipsis	Alt 0198 Alt 146	Æ	AE ligature
Alt 0134	†	Dagger	Alt 0199 Alt 128	Ç	C cedilla
Alt 0135	‡	Double Dagger	Alt 0200	È	E grave
Alt 0136	ˆ	Circumflex	Alt 0201 Alt 144	É	E acute
Alt 0137	‰	Permille	Alt 0202	Ê	E circumflex
Alt 0138	Š	S caron (hacek)	Alt 0203	Ë	E umlaut
Alt 0139	‹	Left single guillemet	Alt 0204	Ì	I grave
Alt 0140	Œ	OE ligature	Alt 0205	Í	I acute
Alt 0142	Ž	Z caron (hacek)	Alt 0206	Î	I circumflex
Alt 0145	‘	Left single quote	Alt 0207	Ï	I umlaut
Alt 0146	’	Right single quote	Alt 0208	Ð	Capital Eth
Alt 0147	“	Left double quote	Alt 0209 Alt 165	Ñ	N tilde
Alt 0148	”	Right double quote	Alt 0210	Ò	O grave
Alt 0149	•	Bullet	Alt 0211	Ó	O acute
Alt 0150	–	En dash	Alt 0212	Ô	O circumflex
Alt 0151	—	Em dash	Alt 0213	Õ	O tilde
Alt 0152	˜	Tilde	Alt 0214 Alt 153	Ö	O umlaut
Alt 0153	™	Trademark	Alt 0215	×	Multiply sign
Alt 0154	š	s caron (hacek)	Alt 0216	Ø	O slash
Alt 0155	›	Right single guillemet	Alt 0217	Ù	U grave
Alt 0156	œ	oe ligature	Alt 0218	Ú	U acute
Alt 0158	ž	z caron (hacek) LINK	Alt 0219	Û	U circumflex
Alt 0159	Ÿ	Y umlaut	Alt 0220 Alt 154	Ü	U umlaut
Alt 0161 Alt 173	¡	Inverted exclamation	Alt 0222	Þ	Capital thorn
Alt 0162 Alt 155	¢	Cent	Alt 0223 Alt 225	ß	Esszet (sz ligature) (sharp “s”) LINK
Alt 0163 Alt 156	£	Pound sterling	Alt 0224 Alt 133	à	a grave
Alt 0164	¤	Currency	Alt 0225 Alt 160	á	a acute
Alt 0165 Alt 157	¥	Yen	Alt 0226 Alt 131	â	a circumflex
Alt 0166	¦	Broken vertical bar	Alt 0227	ã	a tilde
Alt 0167	§	Section sign	Alt 0228 Alt 132	ä	a umlaut
Alt 0168	¨	Umlaut (dieresis)	Alt 0229 Alt 134	å	a ring
Alt 0169	©	Copyright	Alt 0230 Alt 145	æ	ae ligature
Alt 0170 Alt 166	ª	Feminine ordinal	Alt 0231 Alt 135	ç	c cedilla
Alt 0171 Alt 174	«	Left guillemet	Alt 0232 Alt 138	è	e grave
Alt 0172 Alt 170	¬	Logical Not sign	Alt 0233 Alt 130	é	e acute
Alt 0173		Soft hyphen (html: )	Alt 0234 Alt 136	ê	e circumflex
Alt 0174	®	Registered trademark	Alt 0235 Alt 137	ë	e umlaut
Alt 0175	¯	Macron	Alt 0236 Alt 141	ì	i grave
Alt 0176 Alt 248	°	Degree sign	Alt 0237 Alt 161	í	i acute
Alt 0177 Alt 241	±	Plus or minus	Alt 0238 Alt 140	î	i circumflex
Alt 0178 Alt 253	²	Superscript 2	Alt 0239 Alt 139	ï	i umlaut
Alt 0179	³	Superscript 3	Alt 0240	ð	Small Eth
Alt 0180	´	Acute accent	Alt 0241 Alt 164	ñ	n tilde
Alt 0181 Alt 230	µ	Mu or micro	Alt 0242 Alt 149	ò	o grave
Alt 0182	¶	Paragraph (pilcrow)	Alt 0243 Alt 162	ó	o acute
Alt 0183 Alt 250	·	Middle dot	Alt 0244 Alt 147	ô	o circumflex
Alt 0184	¸	Cedilla mark	Alt 0245	õ	o tilde
Alt 0185	¹	Superscript 1	Alt 0246 Alt 148	ö	o umlaut
Alt 0186 Alt 167	º	Masculine ordinal	Alt 0247 Alt 246	÷	Division sign
Alt 0187 Alt 175	»	Right guillemet	Alt 0248	ø	o slash
Alt 0188 Alt 172	¼	One quarter	Alt 0249 Alt 151	ù	u grave
Alt 0189 Alt 171	½	One half	Alt 0250 Alt 163	ú	u acute
Alt 0190	¾	Three quarters	Alt 0251 Alt 150	û	u circumflex
Alt 0191 Alt 168	¿	Inverted question mark	Alt 0252 Alt 129	ü	u umlaut
Alt 0192	À	A grave	Alt 0253	ý	y acute
Alt 0193	Á	A acute	Alt 0254	þ	Lower case thorn
Alt 0194	Â	A circumflex	Alt 0255 Alt 152	ÿ	y umlaut

Inserting characters by using hexidecimal Unicode values

If you know the *Unicode (hexadecimal) value of any character, you can use the “ALT X” keyboard shortcut to enter the character directly in your document in some programs such as Microsoft Word. This is particularly useful for all special characters that are not included in the list above (such as the R-hacek Ř (0158 ALT X )). (You must press and HOLD DOWN the “ALT” key while pressing the X)

1. Type the 4-digit Unicode (hexadecimal) value of the character, including the leading zero if applicable. (Optionally, the value string can also begin with U+)
2. Press “ALT X” – this is the ALT key and the X key at the same time.
Microsoft Word, Wordpad and some other applications will replace the string to the left of the insertion point with the character you specified.
*(Unicode: A character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium. By using more than one byte to represent each character, Unicode enables almost all of the written languages in the world to be represented by using a single character set.)

http://www.alt-codes.net/

Symbol	Number
☺	1
☻	2
♥	3
♦	4
♣	5
♠	6
•	7
◘	8
○	9
◙	10
♂	11
♀	12
♪	13
♫	14
☼	15
►	16
◄	17
↕	18
‼	19
¶	20
§	21
▬	22
↨	23
↑	24
↓	25
→	26
←	27
∟	28
↔	29
▲	30
▼	31
space	32
!	33
“	34
#	35
$	36
%	37
&	38
‘	39
(	40
)	41
*	42
+	43
,	44
–	45
.	46
/	47
0	48
1	49
2	50
3	51
4	52
5	53
6	54
7	55
8	56
9	57
:	58
;	59
<	60
=	61
>	62
?	63
@	64
A	65
B	66
C	67
D	68
E	69
F	70
G	71
H	72
I	73
J	74
K	75
L	76
M	77
N	78
O	79
P	80
Q	81
R	82
S	83
T	84
U	85

Symbol	Number
V	86
W	87
X	88
Y	89
Z	90
[	91
\	92
]	93
^	94
_	95
`	96
a	97
b	98
c	99
d	100
e	101
f	102
g	103
h	104
i	105
j	106
k	107
l	108
m	109
n	110
o	111
p	112
q	113
r	114
s	115
t	116
u	117
v	118
w	119
x	120
y	121
z	122
{	123
\|	124
}	125
~	126
⌂	127
Ç	128
ü	129
é	130
â	131
ä	132
à	133
å	134
ç	135
ê	136
ë	137
è	138
ï	139
î	140
ì	141
Ä	142
Å	143
É	144
æ	145
Æ	146
ô	147
ö	148
ò	149
û	150
ù	151
ÿ	152
Ö	153
Ü	154
¢	155
£	156
¥	157
₧	158
ƒ	159
á	160
í	161
ó	162
ú	163
ñ	164
Ñ	165
ª	166
º	167
¿	168
⌐	169
¬	170

Symbol	Number
½	171
¼	172
¡	173
«	174
»	175
░	176
▒	177
▓	178
│	179
┤	180
╡	181
╢	182
╖	183
╕	184
╣	185
║	186
╗	187
╝	188
╜	189
╛	190
┐	191
└	192
┴	193
┬	194
├	195
─	196
┼	197
╞	198
╟	199
╚	200
╔	201
╩	202
╦	203
╠	204
═	205
╬	206
╧	207
╨	208
╤	209
╥	210
╙	211
╘	212
╒	213
╓	214
╫	215
╪	216
┘	217
┌	218
█	219
▄	220
▌	221
▐	222
▀	223
α	224
ß	225
Γ	226
π	227
Σ	228
σ	229
µ	230
τ	231
Φ	232
Θ	233
Ω	234
δ	235
∞	236
φ	237
ε	238
∩	239
≡	240
±	241
≥	242
≤	243
⌠	244
⌡	245
÷	246
≈	247
°	248
∙	249
·	250
√	251
ⁿ	252
²	253
■	254
	255

End of the alt key codes list.

Table A-1. Latin letters and ligatures

	Name of character	Alt-X	Alt-`n`	Word	HTML	Notes
Á	A with acute	c1	0193	Ctrl-‘ A	`Á`	Note 1
Ă	A with breve	102	258		`Ă`
Â	A with circumflex	c2	0194	Ctrl-Shift-6 A	`Â`	Note 1
Ä	A with dieresis	c4	0196	Ctrl-Shift-; A	`Ä`	Note 1
À	A with grave	c0	0192	Ctrl-` A	`À`	Note 1
Ā	A with macron	100	256		`Ā`
Ą	A with ogonek	104	260		`Ą`
Å	A with ring	c5	0197	Ctrl-Shift-2 A	`Å`	Note 1
Ǻ	A with ringand acute	1fa	506		`Ǻ`
Ã	A with tilde	c3	0195	Ctrl-~ A	`Ã`	Note 1
Æ	AE	c6	0198	Ctrl-Shift-7 A	`Æ`	Note 1
Ǽ	AE with acute	1fc	508		`Ǽ`
Ć	C with acute	106	262		`Ć`
Č	C with caron	10c	268		`Č`
Ç	C with cedilla	c7	0199	Ctrl-, C	`Ç`
Ĉ	C with circumflex	108	264		`Ĉ`
Ċ	C with dot above	10a	266		`Ċ`
Ď	D with caron	10e	270		`Ď`
Đ	D with stroke	110	272		`Đ`	Croatian
Ð	Eth	d0	0208	Ctrl-‘ D	`Ð`	Icelandic
É	E with acute	c9	0201	Ctrl-‘ E	`É`	Note 1
Ĕ	E with breve	114	276		`Ĕ`
Ě	E with caron	11a	282		`Ě`
Ê	E with circumflex	ca	0202	Ctrl-Shift-6 E	`Ê`	Note 1
Ë	E with dieresis	cb	0203	Ctrl-Shift-; E	`Ë`	Note 1
Ė	E with dot above	116	278		`Ė`
È	E with grave	c8	0200	Ctrl-` E	`È`	Note 1
Ē	E with macron	112	274		`Ē`
Ę	E with ogenek	118	280		`Ę`
Ğ	G with breve	11e	286		`Ğ`
Ģ	G with cedilla	122	290		`Ģ`
Ĝ	G with circumflex	11c	284		`Ĝ`
Ġ	G with dot above	120	288		`Ġ`
Ĥ	H with circumflex	124	292		`Ĥ`
Ħ	H with stroke	126	294		`Ħ`	Maltese
Í	I with acute	cd	0205	Ctrl-‘ I	`Í`	Note 1
Ĭ	I with breve	12c	300		`Ĭ`
Î	I with circumflex	ce	0206	Ctrl-Shift-6 I	`Î`	Note 1
Ï	I with dieresis	cf	0207	Ctrl-Shift-; I	`Ï`	Note 1
İ	I with dot above	130	304		`İ`
Ì	I with grave	cc	0204	Ctrl-` I	`Ì`	Note 1
Ī	I with macron	12a	298		`Ī`
Į	I with ogonek	12e	302		`Į`
Ĩ	I with tilde	128	296		`Ĩ`
Ĳ	ligature IJ	132	306		`Ĳ`	Dutch
Ĵ	J with circumflex	134	308		`Ĵ`
Ķ	K with cedilla	136	310		`Ķ`
Ĺ	L with acute	139	313		`Ĺ`
Ľ	L with caron	13d	317		`Ľ`
Ļ	L with cedilla	13b	315		`Ļ`
Ŀ	L with middle dot	13f	319		`Ŀ`
Ł	L with stroke	141	321		`Ł`	Polish
Ń	N with acute	143	323		`Ń`
Ň	N with caron	147	327		`Ň`
Ņ	N with cedilla	145	325		`Ņ`
Ñ	N with tilde	d1	0209	Ctrl-Shift-` N	`Ñ`	Note 1
Ŋ	Eng	14a	330		`Ŋ`	Sámi
Ó	O with acute	d3	0211	Ctrl-‘ O	`Ó`	Note 1
Ŏ	O with breve	14e	334		`Ŏ`
Ô	O with circumflex	d4	0212	Ctrl-Shift-6 O	`Ô`	Note 1
Ö	O with dieresis	d6	0214	Ctrl-Shift-; O	`Ö`	Note 1
Ő	O with double acute	150	336		`Ő`	Hungarian
Ò	O with grave	d2	0210	Ctrl-` O	`Ò`	Note 1
Ō	O with macron	14c	332		`Ō`
Ø	O with obliquestroke	d8	0216	Ctrl-/ O	`Ø`	Danish
Ǿ	O with stroke andacute	1fe	510		`Ǿ`
Õ	O with tilde	d5	0213	Ctrl-Shift-` O	`Õ`	Note 1
Œ	ligature OE	152	0140	Ctrl-Shift-7 O	`&OElig;`	Note 1
Ŕ	R with acute	154	340		`Ŕ`
Ř	R with caron	158	344		`Ř`
Ŗ	R with cedilla	156	342		`Ŗ`
Ś	S with acute	15a	346		`Ś`
Š	S with caron	160	0160		`&Scaron;`
Ş	S with cedilla	15e	350		`Ş`
Ŝ	S with circumflex	15c	348		`Ŝ`
Ť	T with caron	164	356		`Ť`
Ţ	T with cedilla	162	354		`Ţ`
Ŧ	T with stroke	166	358		`Ŧ`	Sámi
Þ	Thorn	de	0222		`Þ`	Icelandic
Ú	U with acute	da	0218	Ctrl-‘ U	`Ú`	Note 1
Ŭ	U with breve	16c	364		`Ŭ`
Û	U with circumflex	db	0219	Ctrl-Shift-6 U	`Û`	Note 1
Ü	U with dieresis	dc	0220	Ctrl-Shift-; U	`Ü`	Note 1
Ű	U with double acute	170	368		`Ű`	Hungarian
Ù	U with grave	d9	0217	Ctrl-` U	`Ù`	Note 1
Ū	U with macron	16a	362		`Ū`
Ų	U with ogonek	172	370		`Ų`
Ů	U with ring above	16e	366		`Ů`
Ũ	U with tilde	168	360		`Ũ`
Ŵ	W with circumflex	174	372		`Ŵ`
Ý	Y with acute	dd	0221	Ctrl-‘ Y	`Ý`	Note 1
Ŷ	Y with circumflex	176	374		`Ŷ`
Ÿ	Y with dieresis	178	376	Ctrl-Shift-; Y	`&Yuml;`	Note 1
Ź	Z with acute	179	377		`Ź`
Ž	Z with caron	17d	381		`Ž`
Ż	Z with dot above	17b	379		`Ż`
á	a with acute	e1	0225	Ctrl-‘ a	`á`	Note 1
ă	a with breve	103	259		`ă`
â	a with circumflex	e2	0226	Ctrl-Shift-6 a	`â`	Note 1
ä	a with dieresis	e4	0228	Ctrl-Shift-; a	`ä`	Note 1
à	a with grave	e0	0224	Ctrl-` a	`à`	Note 1
ā	a with macron	101	257		`ā`
ą	a with ogonek	105	261		`ą`
å	a with ring	e5	0229	Ctrl-Shift-2 a	`å`	Note 1
ǻ	a with ringand acute	1fb	507		`ǻ`
ã	a with tilde	e3	0227	Ctrl-Shift-` a	`ã`	Note 1
æ	ae	e6	0230	Ctrl-Shift-6 a	`æ`	Note 1
ǽ	ae with acute	1fd	509		`ǽ`
ć	c with acute	107	263		`ć`
č	c with caron	10d	269		`č`
ç	c with cedilla	e7	0231	Ctrl-, c	`ç`
ĉ	c with circumflex	109	265		`ĉ`
ċ	c with dot above	10b	267		`ċ`
ď	d with caron	10f	271		`ď`
đ	d with stroke	111	273		`đ`	Croatian
ð	eth	f0	0240	Ctrl-‘ d	`ð`	Icelandic
é	e with acute	e9	0233	Ctrl-‘ e	`é`	Note 1
ĕ	e with breve	115	277		`ĕ`
ě	e with caron	11b	283		`ě`
ê	e with circumflex	ea	0234	Ctrl-Shift-6 e	`ê`	Note 1
ë	e with dieresis	eb	0235	Ctrl-Shift-; e	`ë`	Note 1
ė	e with dot above	117	279		`ė`
è	e with grave	e8	0232	Ctrl-` e	`è`	Note 1
ē	e with macron	113	275		`ē`
ę	e with ogenek	119	281		`ę`
ƒ	f with hook	192	0131		`&fnof;`	Florin
	ligature fi	fb01	64257		`ﬁ`
	ligature fl	fb02	64257		`ﬁ`
ğ	g with breve	11f	287		`ğ`
ģ	g with cedilla	123	291		`ģ`
ĝ	g with circumflex	11d	285		`ĝ`
ġ	g with dot above	121	289		`ġ`
ĥ	h with circumflex	125	293		`ĥ`
ħ	h with stroke	127	295		`ħ`	Maltese
í	i with acute	ed	237	Ctrl-‘ i	`í`	Note 1
ĭ	i with breve	12d	301		`ĭ`
î	i with circumflex	ee	0238	Ctrl-Shift-6 i	`î`	Note 1
ï	i with dieresis	ef	0239	Ctrl-Shift-; i	`ï`	Note 1
ì	i with grave	ec	0236	Ctrl-` i	`ì`	Note 1
ī	i with macron	12b	299		`ī`
į	i with ogonek	12f	303		`į`
ĩ	i with tilde	129	297		`ĩ`
ı	dotless i	131	305		`ı`
ĳ	ligature ij	133	307		`ĳ`	Dutch
ĵ	j with circumflex	135	309		`ĵ`
ķ	k with cedilla	137	311		`ķ`
ĸ	kra	138	312		`ĸ`	Greenl.
ĺ	l with acute	13a	314		`ĺ`
ľ	l with caron	13e	318		`ľ`
ļ	l with cedilla	13c	316		`ļ`
ŀ	l with middle dot	140	320		`ŀ`
ł	l with stroke	142	322		`ł`	Polish
ŉ	n preceded byapostrophe	149	329		`ŉ`	Afrikaans
ń	n with acute	144	324		`ń`
ň	n with caron	148	328		`ň`
ņ	n with cedilla	146	326		`ņ`
ñ	n with tilde	f1	0241	Ctrl-Shift-` n	`ñ`	Note 1
ŋ	eng	14b	331		`ŋ`	Sámi
ó	o with acute	f3	0243	Ctrl-‘ o	`ó`	Note 1
ŏ	o with breve	14f	335		`ŏ`
ô	o with circumflex	f4	0244	Ctrl-Shift-6 o	`ô`	Note 1
ö	o with dieresis	f6	0246	Ctrl-Shift-; o	`ö`	Note 1
ő	o with double acute	151	337		`ő`	Hungarian
ò	o with grave	f2	0242	Ctrl-` o	`ò`	Note 1
ō	o with macron	14d	333		`ō`
ø	o with stroke	f8	0248	Ctrl-/ o	`ø`	Danish
ǿ	o with strokeand acute	1ff	511		`ǿ`
õ	o with tilde	f5	0245	Ctrl-Shift-` o	`õ`	Note 1
œ	ligature oe	153	0156	Ctrl-Shift-6 o	`&oelig;`	French
ŕ	r with acute	155	341		`ŕ`
ř	r with caron	159	345		`ř`
ŗ	r with cedilla	157	343		`ŗ`
ś	s with acute	15b	347		`ś`
š	s with caron	161	0154		`&scaron;`
ş	s with cedilla	15f	351		`ş`
ŝ	s with circumflex	15d	349		`ŝ`
ſ	long s	17f	383		`ſ`	Historical
ß	sharp s	df	0223	Ctrl-Shift-6 s	`ß`	Note 1
ť	t with caron	165	357		`ť`
ţ	t with cedilla	163	355		`ţ`
ŧ	t with stroke	167	359		`ŧ`	Sámi
þ	thorn	fe	0254		`þ`	Icelandic
ú	u with acute	fa	0250	Ctrl-‘ u	`ú`	Note 1
ŭ	u with breve	16d	365		`ŭ`
û	u with circumflex	fb	0251	Ctrl-Shift-6 u	`û`	Note 1
ü	u with dieresis	fc	0252	Ctrl-Shift-; u	`ü`	Note 1
ű	u with double acute	171	369		`ű`	Hungarian
ù	u with grave	f9	0249	Ctrl-` u	`ù`	Note 1
ū	u with macron	16b	363		`ū`
ų	u with ogonek	173	371		`ų`
ů	u with ring above	16f	367		`ů`
ũ	u with tilde	169	361		`ũ`
ŵ	w with circumflex	175	373		`ŵ`
ý	y with acute	fd	0253	Ctrl-‘ y	`ý`	Note 1
ŷ	y with circumflex	177	375		`ŷ`
ÿ	y with dieresis	ff	0255	Ctrl-Shift-; y	`ÿ`	Note 1
ź	z with acute	17a	378		`ź`
ž	z with caron	17e	382		`ž`
ż	z with dot above	17c	380		`ż`

Table A-2. Greek letters and tone marks

	Name of character	Alt-X	Alt-`n`	Word	HTML	Notes
΄	Greek tonos	384	900	;␠	`΄`	Note 1
΅	Greek dialytika tonos	385	901	W␠	`΅`	Note 1
Α	Alpha	391	913	A	`Α`
Ά	Alpha with tonos	386	902	;A	`Ά`
Β	Beta	392	914	B	`Β`
Γ	Gamma	393	915	G	`Γ`
Δ	Delta	394	916	D	`Δ`
Ε	Epsilon	395	917	E	`Ε`
Έ	Epsilon with tonos	388	904	;E	`Έ`
Ζ	Zeta	396	918	Z	`Ζ`
Η	Eta	397	919	H	`Η`
Ή	Eta with tonos	389	905	;H	`Ή`
Θ	Theta	398	920	U	`Θ`
Ι	Iota	399	921	I	`Ι`
Ϊ	Iota with dialytika	3aa	938	:I	`Ϊ`
Ί	Iota with tonos	38a	906	;I	`Ί`
Κ	Kappa	39a	922	K	`Κ`
Λ	Lamda	39b	923	L	`Λ`
Μ	Mu	39c	924	M	`Μ`
Ν	Nu	39d	925	N	`Ν`
Ξ	Xi	39e	926	J	`Ξ`
Ο	Omicron	39f	927	O	`Ο`
Ό	Omicron with tonos	38c	908	;O	`Ό`
Π	Pi	3a0	928	P	`Π`	≠ product
Ρ	Rho	3a1	929	R	`Ρ`
Σ	Sigma	3a3	931	S	`Σ`	≠ sum
Τ	Tau	3a4	932	T	`Τ`
Υ	Upsilon	3a5	933	Y	`Υ`
Ϋ	Upsilon with dialytika	3ab	939	:Y	`Ϋ`
Ύ	Upsilon with tonos	38e	910	;Y	`Ύ`
ϒ	Upsilon with hook symbol	3d2	978		`&upsih;`	∉WGL4
Φ	Phi	3a6	934	F	`Φ`
Χ	Chi	3a7	935	X	`Χ`
Ψ	Psi	3a8	936	C	`Ψ`
Ω	Omega	3a9	937	V	`Ω`	≠ ohm
Ώ	Omega with tonos	38f	911	;V	`Ώ`
α	alpha	3b1	945	a	`α`
ά	alpha with tonos	3ac	940	;a	`ά`
β	beta	3b2	946	b	`β`
γ	gamma	3b3	947	g	`γ`
δ	delta	3b4	948	d	`δ`
ε	epsilon	3b5	949	e	`ε`
έ	epsilon with tonos	3ad	941	;e	`έ`
ζ	zeta	3b6	950	z	`ζ`
η	eta	3b7	951	h	`η`
ή	eta with tonos	3ae	942	;h	`ή`
θ	theta	3b8	952	u	`θ`
ϑ	theta symbol	3d1	977		`&thetasym;`	∉WGL4
ι	iota	3b9	953	i	`ι`
ϊ	iota with dialytika	3ca	970	:i	`ϊ`
ΐ	iota with dialytika and tonos	390	912	Wi	`ΐ`
ί	iota with tonos	3af	943	;i	`ί`
κ	kappa	3ba	954	k	`κ`
λ	lamda	3bb	955	l	`λ`
μ	mu	3bc	956	m	`μ`	≠ micro
ν	nu	3bd	957	n	`ν`
ξ	xi	3be	958	j	`ξ`
ο	omicron	3bf	959	o	`ο`
ό	omicron with tonos	3cc	972	;o	`ό`
π	pi	3c0	960	p	`π`
ϖ	pi symbol	3d6	982		`ϖ`	∉WGL4
ρ	rho	3c1	961	r	`ρ`
σ	sigma	3c3	963	s	`σ`
ς	final sigma	3c2	962	w	`&sigmaf;`
τ	tau	3c4	964	t	`τ`
υ	upsilon	3c5	965	y	`υ`
ϋ	upsilon with dialytika	3cb	971	:y	`ϋ`
ΰ	upsilon with dialytika and tonos	3b0	944	Wy	`ΰ`
ύ	upsilon with tonos	3cd	973	;y	`ύ`
φ	phi	3c6	966	f	`φ`
χ	chi	3c7	967	x	`χ`
ψ	psi	3c8	968	c	`ψ`
ω	omega	3c9	969	v	`ω`
ώ	omega with tonos	3ce	974	;v	`ώ`

Table A-3. Other commonly needed characters

	Name of character	Alt-X	Alt`-n`	Word	HTML	Notes
Superscripts
¹	Superscript one	b9	0185		`¹`
²	Superscript two	b2	0178		`&sup2:`
³	Superscript three	b3	0179		`³`
Fractions
½	One half	bd	0189	1/2	`½`
¼	One quarter	bc	0188	1/4	`¼`
¾	Three quarters	be	0190	3/4	`¾`
⅛	One eighth	215b	8539		`⅛`
⅜	Three eighths	215c	8540		`⅜`
⅝	Five eighths	215d	8541		`⅝`
⅞	Seven eighths	215e	8542		`⅞`
⁄	Fraction slash	2044	8260		`&frasl;`
Presentational forms of Latin letters
ª	Feminine ordinalindicator	aa	0170		`ª`	Spanish
º	Masculine ordinalindicator	ba	0186		`º`	Spanish
ⁿ	Superscript n	207f	8319		`ⁿ`
Letter-like symbols
℅	Care of	2105	8453		`℅`
©	Copyright sign	a9	0169	(c)	`©`	AltGr-c
℮	Estimated symbol	212e	8494		`℮`
µ	Micro sign	b5	0181	AltGr-m	`µ`	≠ mu
Ω	Ohm sign	2126	8486		`Ω`	≠ Omega
®	Registered sign	ae	0174	(r)	`®`	AltGr-r
ℓ	Script small l	2113	8467		`ℓ`
™	Trademark sign	2122	0153	(tm)	`™`	AltGr-t
℘	Script capital p	2118	8472		`&weierp;`	∉WGL4
ℑ	Black-letter capital I	2111	8465		`&image;`	∉WGL4
ℜ	Black-letter capital R	211c	8476		`&real;`	∉WGL4
ℵ	Alef symbol	2135	8501		`&alefsym;`	∉WGL4
Currency symbols
¢	Cent sign	a2	0162	Ctrl-/ c	`¢`
¤	Currency sign	a4	0164		`¤`	Generic
$	Dollar sign	24	036	$	`$`
€	Euro sign	20ac	0128	AltGr-e	`€`	Note 2
₣	French franc sign	20a3	8355		`₣`	Historical
₤	Lira sign	20a4	8356		`₤`	Rare
₧	Peseta sign	20a7	8359		`₧`	Historical
£	Pound sign	a3	0163		`£`
¥	Yen sign	a5	0165		`¥`	Also yuan
Quotation marks
“	Quotation mark	22		” Ctrl-z	`"`	ASCII
‘	Apostrophe	27		‘ Ctrl-z	`'`	ASCII
“	Left doublequotation mark	201c	0147	Ctrl-` “	`“`	Note 3
”	Right doublequotation mark	201d	0148	Ctrl-‘ “	`”`	Note 3
‘	Left singlequotation mark	2018	0145	Ctrl-` ‘	`‘`	Note 3
’	Right singlequotation mark	2019	0146	Ctrl-‘ ‘	`’`	Note 3
«	Left-pointing guillemet	ab	0171	Ctrl-` <	`«`	Note 3
»	Right-pointing guillemet	bb	0187	Ctrl-` >	`»`	Note 3
‹	Left-pointing single angle quotation mark	2039	0139		`&lsaquo;`
›	Right-pointing singleangle quotation mark	203a	0155		`&rsaquo;`
„	Double low-9 quotation mark	201e	0132		`&bdquo;`	Note 3
‚	Single low-9 quotation mark	201a	0130		`&sbquo;`	Note 3
‛	Single high-reversed-9 quotation mark	201b	8219		`‛`
Hyphens
–	Hyphen-minus	2d	045	–	`-`	ASCII
‐	Hyphen	2010	8208		`‐`	∉WGL4
	Soft hyphen	ad	0173		``	Note 4
‑	Nonbreaking hyphen	2011	8209		`‑`	∉WGL4
Other punctuation marks
–	En dash	2013	0150	Ctrl-minus	`–`	Note 5
—	Em dash	2014	0151	AltGr-minus	`—`	Note 5
―	Horizontal bar	2015	8213		`―`
…	Horizontal ellipsis	2026	0133	AltGr-.	`…`
¿	Inverted question mark	bf	0191	AltGr-?	`¿`	Note 6
¡	Inverted exclama-tion mark	a1	0161	AltGr-!	`¡`	Note 6
‼	Double exclama-tion mark	203c	8252		`‼`
·	Middle dot	b7	0183		`&middot:`
·	Greek ano teleia	387	903		`·`	Upper dot
•	Bullet	2022	0149		`•`
〈	Left-pointingangle bracket	2329	9001		`&lang;`	∉WGL4
〉	Right-pointingangle bracket	2330	9002		`&rang;`	∉WGL4
Punctuation-like marks
&	Ampersand	26	038	&	`&`
<	Less-than sign	3c	060	<	`<`
>	Greater-than sign	3e	062	>	`>`
_	Low line	5f	095	_	`_`
‗	Double low line	2017	8215		`‗`
‾	Overline	203e	8254		`&oline;`	≠ macron
\|	Vertical line	7c	0124	\|	`\|`
¦	Broken bar	a6	0166		`¦`
¶	Pilcrow sign	b6	0182	Insert →	`¶`
§	Section sign	a7	0167	Insert →	`§`
†	Dagger	2020	0134		`&dagger;`
‡	Double dagger	2021	0135		`&Dagger;`
@	Commercial at	40	064	@	`@`
\	Reverse solidus	5c	092	\	`\`
#	Number sign	23	035	#	`#`
‰	Per mille sign	2030	0137		`&permil;`
°	Degree sign	b0	0176		`°`
′	Prime	2032	8242		`′`	≠ ‘
″	Double prime	2033	8243		`″`	≠ “
Spacing diacritic marks and similar charcters
´	Acute accent	b4	0180	´ ␠	`´`	Note 7
˘	Breve	2d8	728		`˘`
ˇ	Caron	2c7	711		`ˇ`
¸	Cedilla	b8	0184	Ctrl-, ␠	`¸`
^	Circumflex accent	5e	094	^	`^`	or: ^ ␠
¨	Dieresis	a8	0168	¨ ␠	`¨`
˙	Dot above	2d9	729		`˙`
˝	Double acute accent	2dd	733		`˝`
`	Grave accent	60	096	`	```	or: ` ␠
¯	Macron	af	0175		`¯`	≠overline
ˆ	Modifier lettercircumflex	2c6	710		`&circ;`
ˉ	Modifier letter macron	2c9	713		`ˉ`
˛	Ogonek	2db	731		`˛`
˚	Ring above	2da	730		`˚`
˜	Small tilde	2dc	0152		`&tilde;`
~	Tilde	7e	0126	~	`~`	or: ~ ␠
Arrows
←	Leftward arrow	2190	8592		`←`
↑	Upward arrow	2191	8593		`↑`
→	Rightward arrow	2192	8594		`→`
↓	Downward arrow	2193	8595		`↓`
↔	Left right arrow	2194	8596		`↔`
↕	Up down arrow	2195	8597
↨	Up down arrowwith base	21a8	8616
↵	Down and left arrow	21b5	8629		`&crarr;`	∉WGL4
⇐	Leftward double arrow	21d0	8656		`⇐`	∉WGL4
⇑	Upward double arrow	21d1	8657		`&uArr;`	∉WGL4
⇒	Rightward doublearrow	21d2	8658		`⇒`	∉WGL4
⇓	Downward doublearrow	21d3	8659		`&dArr;`	∉WGL4
⇔	Left right double arrow	21d4	8660		`⇔`
Mathematical symbols
≈	Almost equal to	2248	8776		`≈`
∠	Angle	2220	8736		`&ang;`	∉WGL4
≅	Approximately equal to	2245	8773		`&cong;`	∉WGL4
∗	Asterisk operator	2217	8727		`&lowast;`	∉WGL4
∙	Bullet operator	2219	8729		`∙`
⊕	Circled plus	2295	8853		`&oplus;`	∉WGL4
⊗	Circled times	2297	8855		`&otimes;`	∉WGL4
÷	Division sign	f7	0247		`÷`
∕	Division slash	2215	8725		`∕`
⋅	Dot operator	22c5	8901		`⋅`	∉WGL4
≥	Greater-than orequal to	2265	8805		`≥`
≡	Identical to	2261	8801		`&equiv;`
∆	Increment	2206	8710		`∆`
∞	Infinity	221e	8734		`∞`
∫	Integral	222b	8747		`∫`
⌈	Left ceiling	2308	8968		`&lceil;`	∉WGL4
⌊	Left floor	230a	8970		`&lfloor;`	∉WGL4
≤	Less-than or equal to	2264	8804		`≤`
∧	Logical and	2227	8743		`&and;`	∉WGL4
∨	Logical or	2228	8744		`&or;`	∉WGL4
−	Minus sign	2212	8722		`−`
×	Multiplication sign	d7	0215		`×`
∇	Nabla	2207	8711		`∇`	∉WGL4
∏	N-ary product	220f	8719		`∏`
∑	N-ary summation	2211	8721		`∑`
≠	Not equal to	2260	8800		`≠`
¬	Not sign	ac	0172		`¬`
∂	Partial differential	2202	8706		`∂`
±	Plus-minus sign	b1	0177		`±`
∝	Proportional to	221d	8733		`&prop;`	∉WGL4
∟	Right angle	221f	8735		`∟`
⌉	Right ceiling	2309	8969		`&rceil;`	∉WGL4
⌋	Right floor	230b	8971		`&rfloor;`	∉WGL4
√	Square root	221a	8730		`√`
∴	Therefore	2234	8756		`&there4;`	∉WGL4
∼	Tilde operator	223c	8764		`&sim;`	∉WGL4
⊥	Up tack	22a5	8869		`&perp;`	∉WGL4
Set theory symbols
∋	Contains as member	220b	8715		`&ni;`	∉WGL4
∈	Element of	2208	8712		`∈`	∉WGL4
∅	Empty set	2205	8709		`∅`	∉WGL4
∀	For all	2200	8704		`∀`	∉WGL4
∩	Intersection	2229	8745		`∩`
∉	Not an element of	2209	8713		`∉`	∉WGL4
⊄	Not a subset of	2284	8836		`&nsub;`	∉WGL4
⊂	Subset of	2282	8834		`⊂`	∉WGL4
⊆	Subset of or equal to	2286	8838		`&sube;`	∉WGL4
⊃	Superset of	2283	8835		`⊃`	∉WGL4
⊇	Superset of or equal to	2287	8839		`&supe;`	∉WGL4
∃	There exists	2203	8707		`∃`	∉WGL4
∪	Union	222a	8746		`∪`	∉WGL4
Miscellaneous technical symbols
⌂	House	2302	8962		`⌂`
⌐	Reversed not sign	2310	8976		`⌐`
⌠	Top half integral	2320	8992		`⌠`
⌡	Bottom half integral	2321	8993		`⌡`
Miscellaneous symbols
☺	White smiling face	263a	9786		`☺`
☻	Black smiling face	263b	9787		`☻`
☼	White sun with rays	263c	9788		`☼`
♀	Female sign	2640	9792		`♀`
♂	Male sign	2642	9794		`♂`
♠	Black spade suit	2660	9824		`&spades;`
♣	Black club suit	2663	9827		`&clubs;`
♥	Black heart suit	2665	9829		`&hearts;`
♦	Black diamond suit	2666	9830		`&diams;`
♪	Eighth note	266a	9834		`♪`
♫	Beamed eighth notes	266b	9835		`♫`
Geometric shapes
■	Black square	25a0	9632		`■`
□	White square	25a1	9633		`□`
▪	Black small square	25aa	9642		`▪`
▫	White small square	25ab	9643		`▫`
▬	Black rectangle	25ac	9644		`▬`
▲	Black up-pointingtriangle	25b2	9650		`▲`
►	Black right-pointingtriangle	25b2	9658		`►`
▼	Black down-point.triangle	25bc	9660		`▼`
◄	Black left-pointingtriangle	25c4	9668		`◄`
◊	Lozenge	25ca	9674		`&loz;`
○	White circle	25cb	9675		`○`
●	Black circle	25cf	9679		`●`
◘	Inverse bullet	25d8	9688		`◘`
◙	Inverse white circle	25d9	9689		`◙`
◦	White bullet	25e6	9702		`◦`
Spaces
	Space	20	032	␠	` `	space bar
	No-break space	a0	0160	Ctrl-Shift-␠	` `
	Em space	2003	8195	Insert →	`&emsp;`	∉WGL4
	En space	2002	8194	Insert →	`&ensp;`	∉WGL4
	Four-per-em space	2005	8197	Insert →	` `	∉WGL4
	Thin space	2009	8201		` `	∉WGL4
Invisible controls
	Zero width non-joiner	200c	8204		`&zwnj;`	∉WGL4
	Zero width joiner	200d	8205		`&zwj;`	∉WGL4
	Left-to-right mark	200e	8206		`&lrm;`	∉WGL4
	Right-to-left mark	200f	8207		`&rlm;`	∉WGL4

If you enjoyed this excerpt, buy a copy of Unicode Explained.

http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/xml/excerpts/unicode-explained/tables-writing-characters.html

Internet Explorer does not open link

You might find at times that when you click on a link in Internet Explorer 10 or earlier, it does not open the link. In this article, we’d like to suggest some solutions you can try out to fix this issue. In most cases when this problem occurs, you may find that your Internet Explorer will not open links after a Windows update or after installing another browser on your computer. Resetting the Internet Explorer settings may not help in this case – a reinstall of Internet Explorer will help – but reinstalling however, should be the last option – when everything else fails.

Use following steps to reset IE:

1. Click Start, please type “inetcpl.cpl” (without quotation marks) in the Start Search bar and press Enter to open the Internet options window.
2. Switch to the Advanced tab.
3. Click the Reset Internet Explorer Settings button.
4. Click Reset to confirm the operation.
5. Click Close when the resetting process finished.
6. Uncheck Enable third-party browser extensions option in the Settings box.
7. Click Apply, click OK.

re-started IE without add-ons Try a reset. To reset, control panel -> Internet Options. On the last tab, click the reset button. It will take a while before Windows restores IE’s original settings. Also, when you do a reset, any customizations will be lost.

horizontal divider lines in Word

There are a few different ways to create horizontal divider lines in Word 2007 and Word 2010. The most commonly used one is done by typing three hyphens (—) and then pressing Enter:

If you want a dotted line, use three asterisks (***):

Three equal signs (===) gives you a double line:

Three underscores (___) makes a divider of medium thickness:

Three number signs (###) generates a thicker line with borders:

And three tildes (~~~) creates a wavy line:

If you ever want to delete one of these lines, you may find it tricky to remove. That’s because they’re not actually lines, they are borders. To remove one, select the line and the paragraph that precedes it, click on the Border button on theHome tab in the Paragraph group and select No Border.

The easiest way to enter an em dash ( — ) is to let Word do it. Simply enter two hyphen characters between the two words you want to connect, and Word will turn the hyphens into an em dash. If this doesn’t work for you, one of two possibilities exist:

You’ve inserted space characters between the words and the hyphen characters. When you enter spaces between the hyphens, Word formats the hyphens as an en dash ( – ), which is shorter than an em dash.
Someone has disabled the AutoCorrect option that formats hyphens as an em dash.

Now, this default won’t work for everyone every single time. If you occasionally need two hyphens instead of an em dash, you can press [Ctrl]+Z and Word will undo the em dash character and restore the hyphens. If you find yourself doing this a lot, it might be more efficient to disable the AutoCorrect option and enter an em dash, when you require it, manually. You can disable this option as follows:

From the Tools menu, choose AutoCorrect Options.
Click the AutoFormat As You Type tab.
Uncheck the Hyphens ( — ) With ( — ) option.

After disabling the AutoCorrect option, you’ll have to enter an em dash manually. Fortunately, there are three easy methods:

Press [Ctrl]+[Alt]+-. You must use the minus sign (-) on the numeric keypad; if you use the hyphen character on the alphanumeric keypad, Word will change the cursor.
Hold down the [Alt] key and type 0151 on the numeric keypad.
Choose Symbol from the Insert menu, click the Special Characters tab, highlight the em dash, and click Insert.

Entering an em dash character is easy, whether you let Word do it or you choose to enter the character yourself.

microsoft word automatically creates it when you type in two dashes — followed by a space.

alternatively, you can hold down the ALT key, and then type in 0151 on the numeric keypad to create it.

make sure to type in all four digits, not 151, but 0151.

if you want more special characters. go to windows start, click on programs, then click on accessories, and select the character map.

Java Forever And Ever

JAVA vs Windows .Net

Published on Oct 4, 2012
Funny Video based on the Microsoft .net platform and java

iThings

Apple has been ordered to pay damages to rival Samsung Electronics by a court in the Netherlands.

The court said that Apple had infringed a patent held by Samsung relating to the way phones and tablet PCs connect to the internet.

Apple, which recently became the world’s most valuable firm, has been facing various legal issues.

In a separate case, it was fined $2.3m (£1.5m) in Australia for its claims on 4G capabilities of the iPad.

And it is still not clear how much it may have to pay to Samsung in damages.

The Dutch court did not specify any amount, but the damages will be calculated based on sales of Apple’s iPhone and iPad in the Netherlands.

“Samsung welcomes the court’s ruling, which reaffirmed Apple’s free-riding of our technological innovation,” the South Korean manufacturer said in an emailed statement to the BBC.

“In accordance with the ruling, we will seek adequate compensation for the damages Apple and its products have caused.”

Samsung had claimed that Apple had infringed four of its patents. However, the Dutch court said that only one of those had been breached.

hidden motives

The four big software vendors — Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, and SAP — have hidden motives that customers need to understand, otherwise they might be pushed into buying products and services that don’t fit their needs.

That’s the takeaway from a recent Gartner talk in Australia, reported by IT News.
At a symposium this week, Gartner analyst Dennis Gaughan explained what the four big vendors are really trying to do, based on Gartner’s experience with its clients.

Microsoft mainly wants to protect Windows and Office. Microsoft is a platform company, and its main goal is to protect its highly lucrative Windows and Office monopolies, while establishing other platforms that will be hard for customers to break away from later. New functionality is “drip fed” to users of those core platforms, but new products exist to protect the core. He advised extreme caution before moving to Office 365, and said not to slip into an “all-Microsoft” mentality.

Oracle products don’t really work well together. Oracle’s sales force is extremely aggressive about pushing a suite of products, but has much fewer integration points than SAP. In fact, integration is usually left entirely up to the customer. Oracle is also very reluctant to talk about product roadmaps for fear that future products will cannibalize existing ones. The company makes more than 90% of its profits through maintenance fees, and will do whatever it takes to keep those fees flowing in. Gaughan also expressed some surprise that so many customers keep working with Oracle despite reporting that Oracle is “the most difficult vendor to deal with.”

IBM wants to take over your IT strategy. IBM bills itself as a thought leader, but its real business is selling consulting services. To thrive, IBM account managers try to take control of a company’s IT strategy so they can keep pushing new products. Gaughan recommends taking a collaborative or partner approach.

SAP confuses customers with pricing. A lot of SAP customers ask Gartner for help figuring out SAP’s pricing and licensing, as SAP has unusual terms for billing data going into and out of systems. Gaughan also said that a big technology transition that was driving SAP revenue for the last few years — moving existing customers from the old R/3 system to the newer Business Suite — is almost done, which means SAP will have to be more aggressive with maintenance fees. He recommended locking in maintenance prices now.

Overall, Gaughan said that most of the innovation being done in these companies is in their research arms. Their real goal is protecting the status quo for as long as possible.

ASP.Net Security

tecnologias ASP.Net Make sure you are very familiar with the following terms:

Authentication. Positively identifying the clients of your application; clients might include end-users, services, processes or computers.

Authorization. Defining what authenticated clients are allowed to see and do within the application.
Secure Communications. Ensuring that messages remain private and unaltered as they cross networks.
Impersonation. This is the technique used by a server application to access resources on behalf of a client. The client’s security context is used for access checks performed by the server.
Delegation. An extended form of impersonation that allows a server process that is performing work on behalf of a client, to access resources on a remote computer. This capability is natively provided by Kerberos on Microsoft® Windows® 2000 and later operating systems. Conventional impersonation (for example, that provided by NTLM) allows only a single network hop. When NTLM impersonation is used, the one hop is used between the client and server computers, restricting the server to local resource access while impersonating.
Security Context. Security context is a generic term used to refer to the collection of security settings that affect the security-related behavior of a process or thread. The attributes from a process’ logon session and access token combine to form the security context of the process.
Identity. Identity refers to a characteristic of a user or service that can uniquely identify it. For example, this is often a display name, which often takes the form authority/user name.

Principles

There are a number of overarching principles that apply to the guidance. The following summarizes these principles:

Adopt the principle of least privilege. Processes that run script or execute code should run under a least privileged account to limit the potential damage that can be done if the process is compromised. If a malicious user manages to inject code into a server process, the privileges granted to that process determine to a large degree the types of operations the user is able to perform. Code that requires additional trust (and raised privileges) should be isolated within separate processes.The ASP.NET team made a conscious decision to run the ASP.NET account with least privileges.
Use defense in depth. Place check points within each of the layers and subsystems within your application. The check points are the gatekeepers that ensure that only authenticated and authorized users are able to access the next downstream layer.
Don’t trust user input. Applications should thoroughly validate all user input before performing operations with that input. The validation may include filtering out special characters. This preventive measure protects the application against accidental misuse or deliberate attacks by people who are attempting to inject malicious commands into the system. Common examples include SQL injection attacks, cross-site scripting attacks, and buffer overflow.
Use secure defaults. A common practice among developers is to use reduced security settings, simply to make an application work. If your application demands features that force you to reduce or change default security settings, test the effects and understand the implications before making the change.
Don’t rely on security by obscurity. Trying to hide secrets by using misleading variable names or storing them in odd file locations does not provide security. In a game of hide-and-seek, it’s better to use platform features or proven techniques for securing your data.
Check at the gate. You don’t always need to flow a user’s security context to the back end for authorization checks. Often, in a distributed system, this is not the best choice. Checking the client at the gate refers to authorizing the user at the first point of authentication (for example, within the Web application on the Web server), and determining which resources and operations (potentially provided by downstream services) the user should be allowed to access.If you design solid authentication and authorization strategies at the gate, you can circumvent the need to delegate the original caller’s security context all the way through to your application’s data tier.
Assume external systems are insecure. If you don’t own it, don’t assume security is taken care of for you.
Reduce surface area. Avoid exposing information that is not required. By doing so, you are potentially opening doors that can lead to additional vulnerabilities. Also, handle errors gracefully; don’t expose any more information than is required when returning an error message to the end user.
Fail to a secure mode. If your application fails, make sure it does not leave sensitive data unprotected. Also, do not provide too much detail in error messages; meaning don’t include details that could help an attacker exploit a vulnerability in your application. Write detailed error information to the Windows event log.
Remember you are only as secure as your weakest link. Security is a concern across all of your application tiers.
If you don’t use it, disable it. You can remove potential points of attack by disabling modules and components that your application does not require. For example, if your application doesn’t use output caching, then you should disable the ASP.NET output cache module. If a future security vulnerability is found in the module, your application is not threatened.

The following steps identify a process that will help you develop an authentication and authorization strategy for your application:

Identify resources
Choose an authorization strategy
Choose the identities used for resource access
Consider identity flow
Choose an authentication approach
Decide how to flow identity

Building Secure ASP.NET Applications: Authentication, Authorization, and Secure Communication

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