Many solutions have been implemented to read Excel files from R: each one has advantages and disadvantages, so an universal solution is not available. Get an overview of all the solutions, allows the choice of the best solution case-by-case.
Tag: MS Office
Unicode
Unicode does not fit into 8 bits, not even into 16. Although only 110,116 code points are in use, it has the capability to define up to 1,114,112 of them, which would require 21 bits.
However, computers have advanced since the 1970s. An 8 bit microprocessor is a bit out of date. New computers now have 64 bit processors, so why can’t we move beyond an 8 bit character and into a 32 bit or 64 bit character?
The first answer is: we can!
A lot of software is written in C or C++, which supports a “wide character”. This is a 32 bit character called wchar_t
. It is an extension of C’s 8 bit char
type. Internally, modern Web browsers use these wide characters (or something similar) and can theoretically quite happily deal with over 4 billion distinct characters. This is plenty for Unicode. So –internally, modern Web browers use Unicode.
Unicode in chrome can be fickle, especially when working outside of the BMP.
So if browsers can deal with Unicode in 32 bit characters, where is the problem? The problem is in the sending and receiving, and reading and writing of characters.
The problem remains because:
- A lot of existing software and protocols send/receive and read/write 8 bit characters
- Using 32 bits to send/store English text would quadruple the amount of bandwidth/space required
Although browsers can deal with Unicode internally, you still have to get the data from the Web server to the Web browser and back again, and you need to save it in a file or database somewhere. So you still need a way to make 110,000 Unicode code points fit into just 8 bits.
There have been several attempts to solve this problem such as UCS2 and UTF-16. But the winner in recent years is UTF-8, which stands for Universal Character Set Transformation Format 8 bit.
UTF-8 is a clever. It works a bit like the Shift key on your keyboard. Normally when you press the H on your keyboard a lower case “h” appears on the screen. But if you press Shift first, a capital H will appear.
UTF-8 treats numbers 0-127 as ASCII, 192-247 as Shift keys, and 128-192 as the key to be shifted. For instance, characters 208 and 209 shift you into the Cyrillic range. 208 followed by 175 is character 1071, the Cyrillic Я. The exact calculation is (208%32)*64 + (175%64) = 1071. Characters 224-239 are like a double shift. 226 followed by 190 and then 128 is character 12160: ⾀. 240 and over is a triple shift.
UTF-8 is therefore a multi-byte variable-width encoding. Multi-byte because a single character like Я takes more than one byte to specify it. Variable-width because some characters like H take only 1 byte and some up to 4.
Best of all it is backward compatible with ASCII. Unlike some of the other proposed solutions, any document written only in ASCII, using only characters 0-127, is perfectly valid UTF-8 as well – which saves bandwidth and hassle.
Three ways to enter Unicode characters in Windows
In Microsoft Word you can insert Unicode characters by typing the hex value of the character then typing Alt-x. You can also see the Unicode value of a character by placing the cursor immediately after the character and pressing Alt-x. This also works in applications that use the Windows rich edit control such as WordPad and Outlook.
First create a registry key under HKEY_CURRENT_USER
of type REG_SZ
called EnableHexNumpad
, set its value to 1, and reboot. Then you can enter Unicode symbols by holding down the Alt key and typing the plus sign on the numeric keypad followed by the character value. When you release the Alt key, the symbol will appear.
Another option is to install the UnicodeInput utility.
Microsoft Standard English (United States 101) KeyboardTyping International & Special Characters using the <Alt> key and the right-side numeric keypad. NOTE* Not all characters are available in all font faces or in all browsers – the following table is based on the Times-New Roman or Arial font face and Internet Explorer v5.5. Consult the Microsoft Character Map to see what special characters are available for different fonts on your system. These special characters also work with the Microsoft English US-International keyboard. |
||||||
Press and hold the <Alt> key while typing the numbers shown to make the special characters: | ||||||
Alt 0128 | € | Euro currency symbol | Alt 0195 | Ã | A tilde | |
Alt 0131 | ƒ | Florin, Guilder or Gulden | Alt 0196 Alt 142 |
Ä | A umlaut | |
Alt 0132 | „ | Base line double quote | Alt 0197 Alt 143 |
Å | A ring | |
Alt 0133 | … | Ellipsis | Alt 0198 Alt 146 |
Æ | AE ligature | |
Alt 0134 | † | Dagger | Alt 0199 Alt 128 |
Ç | C cedilla | |
Alt 0135 | ‡ | Double Dagger | Alt 0200 | È | E grave | |
Alt 0136 | ˆ | Circumflex | Alt 0201 Alt 144 |
É | E acute | |
Alt 0137 | ‰ | Permille | Alt 0202 | Ê | E circumflex | |
Alt 0138 | Š | S caron (hacek) | Alt 0203 | Ë | E umlaut | |
Alt 0139 | ‹ | Left single guillemet | Alt 0204 | Ì | I grave | |
Alt 0140 | Œ | OE ligature | Alt 0205 | Í | I acute | |
Alt 0142 | Ž | Z caron (hacek) | Alt 0206 | Î | I circumflex | |
Alt 0145 | ‘ | Left single quote | Alt 0207 | Ï | I umlaut | |
Alt 0146 | ’ | Right single quote | Alt 0208 | Ð | Capital Eth | |
Alt 0147 | “ | Left double quote | Alt 0209 Alt 165 |
Ñ | N tilde | |
Alt 0148 | ” | Right double quote | Alt 0210 | Ò | O grave | |
Alt 0149 | • | Bullet | Alt 0211 | Ó | O acute | |
Alt 0150 | – | En dash | Alt 0212 | Ô | O circumflex | |
Alt 0151 | — | Em dash | Alt 0213 | Õ | O tilde | |
Alt 0152 | ˜ | Tilde | Alt 0214 Alt 153 |
Ö | O umlaut | |
Alt 0153 | ™ | Trademark | Alt 0215 | × | Multiply sign | |
Alt 0154 | š | s caron (hacek) | Alt 0216 | Ø | O slash | |
Alt 0155 | › | Right single guillemet | Alt 0217 | Ù | U grave | |
Alt 0156 | œ | oe ligature | Alt 0218 | Ú | U acute | |
Alt 0158 | ž | z caron (hacek) LINK | Alt 0219 | Û | U circumflex | |
Alt 0159 | Ÿ | Y umlaut | Alt 0220 Alt 154 |
Ü | U umlaut | |
Alt 0161 Alt 173 |
¡ | Inverted exclamation | Alt 0222 | Þ | Capital thorn | |
Alt 0162 Alt 155 |
¢ | Cent | Alt 0223 Alt 225 |
ß | Esszet (sz ligature) (sharp “s”) LINK |
|
Alt 0163 Alt 156 |
£ | Pound sterling | Alt 0224 Alt 133 |
à | a grave | |
Alt 0164 | ¤ | Currency | Alt 0225 Alt 160 |
á | a acute | |
Alt 0165 Alt 157 |
¥ | Yen | Alt 0226 Alt 131 |
â | a circumflex | |
Alt 0166 | ¦ | Broken vertical bar | Alt 0227 | ã | a tilde | |
Alt 0167 | § | Section sign | Alt 0228 Alt 132 |
ä | a umlaut | |
Alt 0168 | ¨ | Umlaut (dieresis) | Alt 0229 Alt 134 |
å | a ring | |
Alt 0169 | © | Copyright | Alt 0230 Alt 145 |
æ | ae ligature | |
Alt 0170 Alt 166 |
ª | Feminine ordinal | Alt 0231 Alt 135 |
ç | c cedilla | |
Alt 0171 Alt 174 |
« | Left guillemet | Alt 0232 Alt 138 |
è | e grave | |
Alt 0172 Alt 170 |
¬ | Logical Not sign | Alt 0233 Alt 130 |
é | e acute | |
Alt 0173 | Soft hyphen (html: ­) | Alt 0234 Alt 136 |
ê | e circumflex | ||
Alt 0174 | ® | Registered trademark | Alt 0235 Alt 137 |
ë | e umlaut | |
Alt 0175 | ¯ | Macron | Alt 0236 Alt 141 |
ì | i grave | |
Alt 0176 Alt 248 |
° | Degree sign | Alt 0237 Alt 161 |
í | i acute | |
Alt 0177 Alt 241 |
± | Plus or minus | Alt 0238 Alt 140 |
î | i circumflex | |
Alt 0178 Alt 253 |
² | Superscript 2 | Alt 0239 Alt 139 |
ï | i umlaut | |
Alt 0179 | ³ | Superscript 3 | Alt 0240 | ð | Small Eth | |
Alt 0180 | ´ | Acute accent | Alt 0241 Alt 164 |
ñ | n tilde | |
Alt 0181 Alt 230 |
µ | Mu or micro | Alt 0242 Alt 149 |
ò | o grave | |
Alt 0182 | ¶ | Paragraph (pilcrow) | Alt 0243 Alt 162 |
ó | o acute | |
Alt 0183 Alt 250 |
· | Middle dot | Alt 0244 Alt 147 |
ô | o circumflex | |
Alt 0184 | ¸ | Cedilla mark | Alt 0245 | õ | o tilde | |
Alt 0185 | ¹ | Superscript 1 | Alt 0246 Alt 148 |
ö | o umlaut | |
Alt 0186 Alt 167 |
º | Masculine ordinal | Alt 0247 Alt 246 |
÷ | Division sign | |
Alt 0187 Alt 175 |
» | Right guillemet | Alt 0248 | ø | o slash | |
Alt 0188 Alt 172 |
¼ | One quarter | Alt 0249 Alt 151 |
ù | u grave | |
Alt 0189 Alt 171 |
½ | One half | Alt 0250 Alt 163 |
ú | u acute | |
Alt 0190 | ¾ | Three quarters | Alt 0251 Alt 150 |
û | u circumflex | |
Alt 0191 Alt 168 |
¿ | Inverted question mark | Alt 0252 Alt 129 |
ü | u umlaut | |
Alt 0192 | À | A grave | Alt 0253 | ý | y acute | |
Alt 0193 | Á | A acute | Alt 0254 | þ | Lower case thorn | |
Alt 0194 | Â | A circumflex | Alt 0255 Alt 152 |
ÿ | y umlaut |
Inserting characters by using hexidecimal Unicode values
If you know the *Unicode (hexadecimal) value of any character, you can use the “ALT X” keyboard shortcut to enter the character directly in your document in some programs such as Microsoft Word. This is particularly useful for all special characters that are not included in the list above (such as the R-hacek Ř (0158 ALT X )). (You must press and HOLD DOWN the “ALT” key while pressing the X)
1. Type the 4-digit Unicode (hexadecimal) value of the character, including the leading zero if applicable. (Optionally, the value string can also begin with U+)
2. Press “ALT X” – this is the ALT key and the X key at the same time.
Microsoft Word, Wordpad and some other applications will replace the string to the left of the insertion point with the character you specified.
*(Unicode: A character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium. By using more than one byte to represent each character, Unicode enables almost all of the written languages in the world to be represented by using a single character set.)
Symbol | Number |
---|---|
☺ | 1 |
☻ | 2 |
♥ | 3 |
♦ | 4 |
♣ | 5 |
♠ | 6 |
• | 7 |
◘ | 8 |
○ | 9 |
◙ | 10 |
♂ | 11 |
♀ | 12 |
♪ | 13 |
♫ | 14 |
☼ | 15 |
► | 16 |
◄ | 17 |
↕ | 18 |
‼ | 19 |
¶ | 20 |
§ | 21 |
▬ | 22 |
↨ | 23 |
↑ | 24 |
↓ | 25 |
→ | 26 |
← | 27 |
∟ | 28 |
↔ | 29 |
▲ | 30 |
▼ | 31 |
space | 32 |
! | 33 |
“ | 34 |
# | 35 |
$ | 36 |
% | 37 |
& | 38 |
‘ | 39 |
( | 40 |
) | 41 |
* | 42 |
+ | 43 |
, | 44 |
– | 45 |
. | 46 |
/ | 47 |
0 | 48 |
1 | 49 |
2 | 50 |
3 | 51 |
4 | 52 |
5 | 53 |
6 | 54 |
7 | 55 |
8 | 56 |
9 | 57 |
: | 58 |
; | 59 |
< | 60 |
= | 61 |
> | 62 |
? | 63 |
@ | 64 |
A | 65 |
B | 66 |
C | 67 |
D | 68 |
E | 69 |
F | 70 |
G | 71 |
H | 72 |
I | 73 |
J | 74 |
K | 75 |
L | 76 |
M | 77 |
N | 78 |
O | 79 |
P | 80 |
Q | 81 |
R | 82 |
S | 83 |
T | 84 |
U | 85 |
Symbol | Number |
---|---|
V | 86 |
W | 87 |
X | 88 |
Y | 89 |
Z | 90 |
[ | 91 |
\ | 92 |
] | 93 |
^ | 94 |
_ | 95 |
` | 96 |
a | 97 |
b | 98 |
c | 99 |
d | 100 |
e | 101 |
f | 102 |
g | 103 |
h | 104 |
i | 105 |
j | 106 |
k | 107 |
l | 108 |
m | 109 |
n | 110 |
o | 111 |
p | 112 |
q | 113 |
r | 114 |
s | 115 |
t | 116 |
u | 117 |
v | 118 |
w | 119 |
x | 120 |
y | 121 |
z | 122 |
{ | 123 |
| | 124 |
} | 125 |
~ | 126 |
⌂ | 127 |
Ç | 128 |
ü | 129 |
é | 130 |
â | 131 |
ä | 132 |
à | 133 |
å | 134 |
ç | 135 |
ê | 136 |
ë | 137 |
è | 138 |
ï | 139 |
î | 140 |
ì | 141 |
Ä | 142 |
Å | 143 |
É | 144 |
æ | 145 |
Æ | 146 |
ô | 147 |
ö | 148 |
ò | 149 |
û | 150 |
ù | 151 |
ÿ | 152 |
Ö | 153 |
Ü | 154 |
¢ | 155 |
£ | 156 |
¥ | 157 |
₧ | 158 |
ƒ | 159 |
á | 160 |
í | 161 |
ó | 162 |
ú | 163 |
ñ | 164 |
Ñ | 165 |
ª | 166 |
º | 167 |
¿ | 168 |
⌐ | 169 |
¬ | 170 |
Symbol | Number |
---|---|
½ | 171 |
¼ | 172 |
¡ | 173 |
« | 174 |
» | 175 |
░ | 176 |
▒ | 177 |
▓ | 178 |
│ | 179 |
┤ | 180 |
╡ | 181 |
╢ | 182 |
╖ | 183 |
╕ | 184 |
╣ | 185 |
║ | 186 |
╗ | 187 |
╝ | 188 |
╜ | 189 |
╛ | 190 |
┐ | 191 |
└ | 192 |
┴ | 193 |
┬ | 194 |
├ | 195 |
─ | 196 |
┼ | 197 |
╞ | 198 |
╟ | 199 |
╚ | 200 |
╔ | 201 |
╩ | 202 |
╦ | 203 |
╠ | 204 |
═ | 205 |
╬ | 206 |
╧ | 207 |
╨ | 208 |
╤ | 209 |
╥ | 210 |
╙ | 211 |
╘ | 212 |
╒ | 213 |
╓ | 214 |
╫ | 215 |
╪ | 216 |
┘ | 217 |
┌ | 218 |
█ | 219 |
▄ | 220 |
▌ | 221 |
▐ | 222 |
▀ | 223 |
α | 224 |
ß | 225 |
Γ | 226 |
π | 227 |
Σ | 228 |
σ | 229 |
µ | 230 |
τ | 231 |
Φ | 232 |
Θ | 233 |
Ω | 234 |
δ | 235 |
∞ | 236 |
φ | 237 |
ε | 238 |
∩ | 239 |
≡ | 240 |
± | 241 |
≥ | 242 |
≤ | 243 |
⌠ | 244 |
⌡ | 245 |
÷ | 246 |
≈ | 247 |
° | 248 |
∙ | 249 |
· | 250 |
√ | 251 |
ⁿ | 252 |
² | 253 |
■ | 254 |
255 |
End of the alt key codes list.
Table A-1. Latin letters and ligatures
Name of character | Alt-X | Alt-n |
Word | HTML | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Á | A with acute | c1 | 0193 | Ctrl-‘ A | Á |
Note 1 |
Ă | A with breve | 102 | 258 | Ă |
||
 | A with circumflex | c2 | 0194 | Ctrl-Shift-6 A |  |
Note 1 |
Ä | A with dieresis | c4 | 0196 | Ctrl-Shift-; A | Ä |
Note 1 |
À | A with grave | c0 | 0192 | Ctrl-` A | À |
Note 1 |
Ā | A with macron | 100 | 256 | Ā |
||
Ą | A with ogonek | 104 | 260 | Ą |
||
Å | A with ring | c5 | 0197 | Ctrl-Shift-2 A | Å |
Note 1 |
Ǻ | A with ringand acute | 1fa | 506 | Ǻ |
||
à | A with tilde | c3 | 0195 | Ctrl-~ A | à |
Note 1 |
Æ | AE | c6 | 0198 | Ctrl-Shift-7 A | Æ |
Note 1 |
Ǽ | AE with acute | 1fc | 508 | Ǽ |
||
Ć | C with acute | 106 | 262 | Ć |
||
Č | C with caron | 10c | 268 | Č |
||
Ç | C with cedilla | c7 | 0199 | Ctrl-, C | Ç |
|
Ĉ | C with circumflex | 108 | 264 | Ĉ |
||
Ċ | C with dot above | 10a | 266 | Ċ |
||
Ď | D with caron | 10e | 270 | Ď |
||
Đ | D with stroke | 110 | 272 | Đ |
Croatian | |
Ð | Eth | d0 | 0208 | Ctrl-‘ D | Ð |
Icelandic |
É | E with acute | c9 | 0201 | Ctrl-‘ E | É |
Note 1 |
Ĕ | E with breve | 114 | 276 | Ĕ |
||
Ě | E with caron | 11a | 282 | Ě |
||
Ê | E with circumflex | ca | 0202 | Ctrl-Shift-6 E | Ê |
Note 1 |
Ë | E with dieresis | cb | 0203 | Ctrl-Shift-; E | Ë |
Note 1 |
Ė | E with dot above | 116 | 278 | Ė |
||
È | E with grave | c8 | 0200 | Ctrl-` E | È |
Note 1 |
Ē | E with macron | 112 | 274 | Ē |
||
Ę | E with ogenek | 118 | 280 | Ę |
||
Ğ | G with breve | 11e | 286 | Ğ |
||
Ģ | G with cedilla | 122 | 290 | Ģ |
||
Ĝ | G with circumflex | 11c | 284 | Ĝ |
||
Ġ | G with dot above | 120 | 288 | Ġ |
||
Ĥ | H with circumflex | 124 | 292 | Ĥ |
||
Ħ | H with stroke | 126 | 294 | Ħ |
Maltese | |
Í | I with acute | cd | 0205 | Ctrl-‘ I | Í |
Note 1 |
Ĭ | I with breve | 12c | 300 | Ĭ |
||
Î | I with circumflex | ce | 0206 | Ctrl-Shift-6 I | Î |
Note 1 |
Ï | I with dieresis | cf | 0207 | Ctrl-Shift-; I | Ï |
Note 1 |
İ | I with dot above | 130 | 304 | İ |
||
Ì | I with grave | cc | 0204 | Ctrl-` I | Ì |
Note 1 |
Ī | I with macron | 12a | 298 | Ī |
||
Į | I with ogonek | 12e | 302 | Į |
||
Ĩ | I with tilde | 128 | 296 | Ĩ |
||
IJ | ligature IJ | 132 | 306 | IJ |
Dutch | |
Ĵ | J with circumflex | 134 | 308 | Ĵ |
||
Ķ | K with cedilla | 136 | 310 | Ķ |
||
Ĺ | L with acute | 139 | 313 | Ĺ |
||
Ľ | L with caron | 13d | 317 | Ľ |
||
Ļ | L with cedilla | 13b | 315 | Ļ |
||
Ŀ | L with middle dot | 13f | 319 | Ŀ |
||
Ł | L with stroke | 141 | 321 | Ł |
Polish | |
Ń | N with acute | 143 | 323 | Ń |
||
Ň | N with caron | 147 | 327 | Ň |
||
Ņ | N with cedilla | 145 | 325 | Ņ |
||
Ñ | N with tilde | d1 | 0209 | Ctrl-Shift-` N | Ñ |
Note 1 |
Ŋ | Eng | 14a | 330 | Ŋ |
Sámi | |
Ó | O with acute | d3 | 0211 | Ctrl-‘ O | Ó |
Note 1 |
Ŏ | O with breve | 14e | 334 | Ŏ |
||
Ô | O with circumflex | d4 | 0212 | Ctrl-Shift-6 O | Ô |
Note 1 |
Ö | O with dieresis | d6 | 0214 | Ctrl-Shift-; O | Ö |
Note 1 |
Ő | O with double acute | 150 | 336 | Ő |
Hungarian | |
Ò | O with grave | d2 | 0210 | Ctrl-` O | Ò |
Note 1 |
Ō | O with macron | 14c | 332 | Ō |
||
Ø | O with obliquestroke | d8 | 0216 | Ctrl-/ O | Ø |
Danish |
Ǿ | O with stroke andacute | 1fe | 510 | Ǿ |
||
Õ | O with tilde | d5 | 0213 | Ctrl-Shift-` O | Õ |
Note 1 |
Œ | ligature OE | 152 | 0140 | Ctrl-Shift-7 O | Œ |
Note 1 |
Ŕ | R with acute | 154 | 340 | Ŕ |
||
Ř | R with caron | 158 | 344 | Ř |
||
Ŗ | R with cedilla | 156 | 342 | Ŗ |
||
Ś | S with acute | 15a | 346 | Ś |
||
Š | S with caron | 160 | 0160 | Š |
||
Ş | S with cedilla | 15e | 350 | Ş |
||
Ŝ | S with circumflex | 15c | 348 | Ŝ |
||
Ť | T with caron | 164 | 356 | Ť |
||
Ţ | T with cedilla | 162 | 354 | Ţ |
||
Ŧ | T with stroke | 166 | 358 | Ŧ |
Sámi | |
Þ | Thorn | de | 0222 | Þ |
Icelandic | |
Ú | U with acute | da | 0218 | Ctrl-‘ U | Ú |
Note 1 |
Ŭ | U with breve | 16c | 364 | Ŭ |
||
Û | U with circumflex | db | 0219 | Ctrl-Shift-6 U | Û |
Note 1 |
Ü | U with dieresis | dc | 0220 | Ctrl-Shift-; U | Ü |
Note 1 |
Ű | U with double acute | 170 | 368 | Ű |
Hungarian | |
Ù | U with grave | d9 | 0217 | Ctrl-` U | Ù |
Note 1 |
Ū | U with macron | 16a | 362 | Ū |
||
Ų | U with ogonek | 172 | 370 | Ų |
||
Ů | U with ring above | 16e | 366 | Ů |
||
Ũ | U with tilde | 168 | 360 | Ũ |
||
Ŵ | W with circumflex | 174 | 372 | Ŵ |
||
Ý | Y with acute | dd | 0221 | Ctrl-‘ Y | Ý |
Note 1 |
Ŷ | Y with circumflex | 176 | 374 | Ŷ |
||
Ÿ | Y with dieresis | 178 | 376 | Ctrl-Shift-; Y | Ÿ |
Note 1 |
Ź | Z with acute | 179 | 377 | Ź |
||
Ž | Z with caron | 17d | 381 | Ž |
||
Ż | Z with dot above | 17b | 379 | Ż |
||
á | a with acute | e1 | 0225 | Ctrl-‘ a | á |
Note 1 |
ă | a with breve | 103 | 259 | ă |
||
â | a with circumflex | e2 | 0226 | Ctrl-Shift-6 a | â |
Note 1 |
ä | a with dieresis | e4 | 0228 | Ctrl-Shift-; a | ä |
Note 1 |
à | a with grave | e0 | 0224 | Ctrl-` a | à |
Note 1 |
ā | a with macron | 101 | 257 | ā |
||
ą | a with ogonek | 105 | 261 | ą |
||
å | a with ring | e5 | 0229 | Ctrl-Shift-2 a | å |
Note 1 |
ǻ | a with ringand acute | 1fb | 507 | ǻ |
||
ã | a with tilde | e3 | 0227 | Ctrl-Shift-` a | ã |
Note 1 |
æ | ae | e6 | 0230 | Ctrl-Shift-6 a | æ |
Note 1 |
ǽ | ae with acute | 1fd | 509 | ǽ |
||
ć | c with acute | 107 | 263 | ć |
||
č | c with caron | 10d | 269 | č |
||
ç | c with cedilla | e7 | 0231 | Ctrl-, c | ç |
|
ĉ | c with circumflex | 109 | 265 | ĉ |
||
ċ | c with dot above | 10b | 267 | ċ |
||
ď | d with caron | 10f | 271 | ď |
||
đ | d with stroke | 111 | 273 | đ |
Croatian | |
ð | eth | f0 | 0240 | Ctrl-‘ d | ð |
Icelandic |
é | e with acute | e9 | 0233 | Ctrl-‘ e | é |
Note 1 |
ĕ | e with breve | 115 | 277 | ĕ |
||
ě | e with caron | 11b | 283 | ě |
||
ê | e with circumflex | ea | 0234 | Ctrl-Shift-6 e | ê |
Note 1 |
ë | e with dieresis | eb | 0235 | Ctrl-Shift-; e | ë |
Note 1 |
ė | e with dot above | 117 | 279 | ė |
||
è | e with grave | e8 | 0232 | Ctrl-` e | è |
Note 1 |
ē | e with macron | 113 | 275 | ē |
||
ę | e with ogenek | 119 | 281 | ę |
||
ƒ | f with hook | 192 | 0131 | ƒ |
Florin | |
| ligature fi | fb01 | 64257 | fi |
||
| ligature fl | fb02 | 64257 | fi |
||
ğ | g with breve | 11f | 287 | ğ |
||
ģ | g with cedilla | 123 | 291 | ģ |
||
ĝ | g with circumflex | 11d | 285 | ĝ |
||
ġ | g with dot above | 121 | 289 | ġ |
||
ĥ | h with circumflex | 125 | 293 | ĥ |
||
ħ | h with stroke | 127 | 295 | ħ |
Maltese | |
í | i with acute | ed | 237 | Ctrl-‘ i | í |
Note 1 |
ĭ | i with breve | 12d | 301 | ĭ |
||
î | i with circumflex | ee | 0238 | Ctrl-Shift-6 i | î |
Note 1 |
ï | i with dieresis | ef | 0239 | Ctrl-Shift-; i | ï |
Note 1 |
ì | i with grave | ec | 0236 | Ctrl-` i | ì |
Note 1 |
ī | i with macron | 12b | 299 | ī |
||
į | i with ogonek | 12f | 303 | į |
||
ĩ | i with tilde | 129 | 297 | ĩ |
||
ı | dotless i | 131 | 305 | ı |
||
ij | ligature ij | 133 | 307 | ij |
Dutch | |
ĵ | j with circumflex | 135 | 309 | ĵ |
||
ķ | k with cedilla | 137 | 311 | ķ |
||
ĸ | kra | 138 | 312 | ĸ |
Greenl. | |
ĺ | l with acute | 13a | 314 | ĺ |
||
ľ | l with caron | 13e | 318 | ľ |
||
ļ | l with cedilla | 13c | 316 | ļ |
||
ŀ | l with middle dot | 140 | 320 | ŀ |
||
ł | l with stroke | 142 | 322 | ł |
Polish | |
ʼn | n preceded byapostrophe | 149 | 329 | ʼn |
Afrikaans | |
ń | n with acute | 144 | 324 | ń |
||
ň | n with caron | 148 | 328 | ň |
||
ņ | n with cedilla | 146 | 326 | ņ |
||
ñ | n with tilde | f1 | 0241 | Ctrl-Shift-` n | ñ |
Note 1 |
ŋ | eng | 14b | 331 | ŋ |
Sámi | |
ó | o with acute | f3 | 0243 | Ctrl-‘ o | ó |
Note 1 |
ŏ | o with breve | 14f | 335 | ŏ |
||
ô | o with circumflex | f4 | 0244 | Ctrl-Shift-6 o | ô |
Note 1 |
ö | o with dieresis | f6 | 0246 | Ctrl-Shift-; o | ö |
Note 1 |
ő | o with double acute | 151 | 337 | ő |
Hungarian | |
ò | o with grave | f2 | 0242 | Ctrl-` o | ò |
Note 1 |
ō | o with macron | 14d | 333 | ō |
||
ø | o with stroke | f8 | 0248 | Ctrl-/ o | ø |
Danish |
ǿ | o with strokeand acute | 1ff | 511 | ǿ |
||
õ | o with tilde | f5 | 0245 | Ctrl-Shift-` o | õ |
Note 1 |
œ | ligature oe | 153 | 0156 | Ctrl-Shift-6 o | œ |
French |
ŕ | r with acute | 155 | 341 | ŕ |
||
ř | r with caron | 159 | 345 | ř |
||
ŗ | r with cedilla | 157 | 343 | ŗ |
||
ś | s with acute | 15b | 347 | ś |
||
š | s with caron | 161 | 0154 | š |
||
ş | s with cedilla | 15f | 351 | ş |
||
ŝ | s with circumflex | 15d | 349 | ŝ |
||
ſ | long s | 17f | 383 | ſ |
Historical | |
ß | sharp s | df | 0223 | Ctrl-Shift-6 s | ß |
Note 1 |
ť | t with caron | 165 | 357 | ť |
||
ţ | t with cedilla | 163 | 355 | ţ |
||
ŧ | t with stroke | 167 | 359 | ŧ |
Sámi | |
þ | thorn | fe | 0254 | þ |
Icelandic | |
ú | u with acute | fa | 0250 | Ctrl-‘ u | ú |
Note 1 |
ŭ | u with breve | 16d | 365 | ŭ |
||
û | u with circumflex | fb | 0251 | Ctrl-Shift-6 u | û |
Note 1 |
ü | u with dieresis | fc | 0252 | Ctrl-Shift-; u | ü |
Note 1 |
ű | u with double acute | 171 | 369 | ű |
Hungarian | |
ù | u with grave | f9 | 0249 | Ctrl-` u | ù |
Note 1 |
ū | u with macron | 16b | 363 | ū |
||
ų | u with ogonek | 173 | 371 | ų |
||
ů | u with ring above | 16f | 367 | ů |
||
ũ | u with tilde | 169 | 361 | ũ |
||
ŵ | w with circumflex | 175 | 373 | ŵ |
||
ý | y with acute | fd | 0253 | Ctrl-‘ y | ý |
Note 1 |
ŷ | y with circumflex | 177 | 375 | ŷ |
||
ÿ | y with dieresis | ff | 0255 | Ctrl-Shift-; y | ÿ |
Note 1 |
ź | z with acute | 17a | 378 | ź |
||
ž | z with caron | 17e | 382 | ž |
||
ż | z with dot above | 17c | 380 | ż |
Table A-2. Greek letters and tone marks
Name of character | Alt-X | Alt-n |
Word | HTML | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
΄ | Greek tonos | 384 | 900 | ;␠ | ΄ |
Note 1 |
΅ | Greek dialytika tonos | 385 | 901 | W␠ | ΅ |
Note 1 |
Α | Alpha | 391 | 913 | A | Α |
|
Ά | Alpha with tonos | 386 | 902 | ;A | Ά |
|
Β | Beta | 392 | 914 | B | Β |
|
Γ | Gamma | 393 | 915 | G | Γ |
|
Δ | Delta | 394 | 916 | D | Δ |
|
Ε | Epsilon | 395 | 917 | E | Ε |
|
Έ | Epsilon with tonos | 388 | 904 | ;E | Έ |
|
Ζ | Zeta | 396 | 918 | Z | Ζ |
|
Η | Eta | 397 | 919 | H | Η |
|
Ή | Eta with tonos | 389 | 905 | ;H | Ή |
|
Θ | Theta | 398 | 920 | U | Θ |
|
Ι | Iota | 399 | 921 | I | Ι |
|
Ϊ | Iota with dialytika | 3aa | 938 | :I | Ϊ |
|
Ί | Iota with tonos | 38a | 906 | ;I | Ί |
|
Κ | Kappa | 39a | 922 | K | Κ |
|
Λ | Lamda | 39b | 923 | L | Λ |
|
Μ | Mu | 39c | 924 | M | Μ |
|
Ν | Nu | 39d | 925 | N | Ν |
|
Ξ | Xi | 39e | 926 | J | Ξ |
|
Ο | Omicron | 39f | 927 | O | Ο |
|
Ό | Omicron with tonos | 38c | 908 | ;O | Ό |
|
Π | Pi | 3a0 | 928 | P | Π |
≠ product |
Ρ | Rho | 3a1 | 929 | R | Ρ |
|
Σ | Sigma | 3a3 | 931 | S | Σ |
≠ sum |
Τ | Tau | 3a4 | 932 | T | Τ |
|
Υ | Upsilon | 3a5 | 933 | Y | Υ |
|
Ϋ | Upsilon with dialytika | 3ab | 939 | :Y | Ϋ |
|
Ύ | Upsilon with tonos | 38e | 910 | ;Y | Ύ |
|
ϒ | Upsilon with hook symbol | 3d2 | 978 | ϒ |
∉WGL4 | |
Φ | Phi | 3a6 | 934 | F | Φ |
|
Χ | Chi | 3a7 | 935 | X | Χ |
|
Ψ | Psi | 3a8 | 936 | C | Ψ |
|
Ω | Omega | 3a9 | 937 | V | Ω |
≠ ohm |
Ώ | Omega with tonos | 38f | 911 | ;V | Ώ |
|
α | alpha | 3b1 | 945 | a | α |
|
ά | alpha with tonos | 3ac | 940 | ;a | ά |
|
β | beta | 3b2 | 946 | b | β |
|
γ | gamma | 3b3 | 947 | g | γ |
|
δ | delta | 3b4 | 948 | d | δ |
|
ε | epsilon | 3b5 | 949 | e | ε |
|
έ | epsilon with tonos | 3ad | 941 | ;e | έ |
|
ζ | zeta | 3b6 | 950 | z | ζ |
|
η | eta | 3b7 | 951 | h | η |
|
ή | eta with tonos | 3ae | 942 | ;h | ή |
|
θ | theta | 3b8 | 952 | u | θ |
|
ϑ | theta symbol | 3d1 | 977 | ϑ |
∉WGL4 | |
ι | iota | 3b9 | 953 | i | ι |
|
ϊ | iota with dialytika | 3ca | 970 | :i | ϊ |
|
ΐ | iota with dialytika and tonos | 390 | 912 | Wi | ΐ |
|
ί | iota with tonos | 3af | 943 | ;i | ί |
|
κ | kappa | 3ba | 954 | k | κ |
|
λ | lamda | 3bb | 955 | l | λ |
|
μ | mu | 3bc | 956 | m | μ |
≠ micro |
ν | nu | 3bd | 957 | n | ν |
|
ξ | xi | 3be | 958 | j | ξ |
|
ο | omicron | 3bf | 959 | o | ο |
|
ό | omicron with tonos | 3cc | 972 | ;o | ό |
|
π | pi | 3c0 | 960 | p | π |
|
ϖ | pi symbol | 3d6 | 982 | ϖ |
∉WGL4 | |
ρ | rho | 3c1 | 961 | r | ρ |
|
σ | sigma | 3c3 | 963 | s | σ |
|
ς | final sigma | 3c2 | 962 | w | ς |
|
τ | tau | 3c4 | 964 | t | τ |
|
υ | upsilon | 3c5 | 965 | y | υ |
|
ϋ | upsilon with dialytika | 3cb | 971 | :y | ϋ |
|
ΰ | upsilon with dialytika and tonos | 3b0 | 944 | Wy | ΰ |
|
ύ | upsilon with tonos | 3cd | 973 | ;y | ύ |
|
φ | phi | 3c6 | 966 | f | φ |
|
χ | chi | 3c7 | 967 | x | χ |
|
ψ | psi | 3c8 | 968 | c | ψ |
|
ω | omega | 3c9 | 969 | v | ω |
|
ώ | omega with tonos | 3ce | 974 | ;v | ώ |
Table A-3. Other commonly needed characters
Name of character | Alt-X | Alt-n |
Word | HTML | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Superscripts | ||||||
¹ | Superscript one | b9 | 0185 | ¹ |
||
² | Superscript two | b2 | 0178 | ²: |
||
³ | Superscript three | b3 | 0179 | ³ |
||
Fractions | ||||||
½ | One half | bd | 0189 | 1/2 | ½ |
|
¼ | One quarter | bc | 0188 | 1/4 | ¼ |
|
¾ | Three quarters | be | 0190 | 3/4 | ¾ |
|
⅛ | One eighth | 215b | 8539 | ⅛ |
||
⅜ | Three eighths | 215c | 8540 | ⅜ |
||
⅝ | Five eighths | 215d | 8541 | ⅝ |
||
⅞ | Seven eighths | 215e | 8542 | ⅞ |
||
⁄ | Fraction slash | 2044 | 8260 | ⁄ |
||
Presentational forms of Latin letters | ||||||
ª | Feminine ordinalindicator | aa | 0170 | ª |
Spanish | |
º | Masculine ordinalindicator | ba | 0186 | º |
Spanish | |
ⁿ | Superscript n | 207f | 8319 | ⁿ |
||
Letter-like symbols | ||||||
℅ | Care of | 2105 | 8453 | ℅ |
||
© | Copyright sign | a9 | 0169 | (c) | © |
AltGr-c |
℮ | Estimated symbol | 212e | 8494 | ℮ |
||
µ | Micro sign | b5 | 0181 | AltGr-m | µ |
≠ mu |
Ω | Ohm sign | 2126 | 8486 | Ω |
≠ Omega | |
® | Registered sign | ae | 0174 | (r) | ® |
AltGr-r |
ℓ | Script small l | 2113 | 8467 | ℓ |
||
™ | Trademark sign | 2122 | 0153 | (tm) | ™ |
AltGr-t |
℘ | Script capital p | 2118 | 8472 | ℘ |
∉WGL4 | |
ℑ | Black-letter capital I | 2111 | 8465 | ℑ |
∉WGL4 | |
ℜ | Black-letter capital R | 211c | 8476 | ℜ |
∉WGL4 | |
ℵ | Alef symbol | 2135 | 8501 | ℵ |
∉WGL4 | |
Currency symbols | ||||||
¢ | Cent sign | a2 | 0162 | Ctrl-/ c | ¢ |
|
¤ | Currency sign | a4 | 0164 | ¤ |
Generic | |
$ | Dollar sign | 24 | 036 | $ | $ |
|
€ | Euro sign | 20ac | 0128 | AltGr-e | € |
Note 2 |
₣ | French franc sign | 20a3 | 8355 | ₣ |
Historical | |
₤ | Lira sign | 20a4 | 8356 | ₤ |
Rare | |
₧ | Peseta sign | 20a7 | 8359 | ₧ |
Historical | |
£ | Pound sign | a3 | 0163 | £ |
||
¥ | Yen sign | a5 | 0165 | ¥ |
Also yuan | |
Quotation marks | ||||||
“ | Quotation mark | 22 | ” Ctrl-z | " |
ASCII | |
‘ | Apostrophe | 27 | ‘ Ctrl-z | ' |
ASCII | |
“ | Left doublequotation mark | 201c | 0147 | Ctrl-` “ | “ |
Note 3 |
” | Right doublequotation mark | 201d | 0148 | Ctrl-‘ “ | ” |
Note 3 |
‘ | Left singlequotation mark | 2018 | 0145 | Ctrl-` ‘ | ‘ |
Note 3 |
’ | Right singlequotation mark | 2019 | 0146 | Ctrl-‘ ‘ | ’ |
Note 3 |
« | Left-pointing guillemet | ab | 0171 | Ctrl-` < | « |
Note 3 |
» | Right-pointing guillemet | bb | 0187 | Ctrl-` > | » |
Note 3 |
‹ | Left-pointing single angle quotation mark | 2039 | 0139 | ‹ |
||
› | Right-pointing singleangle quotation mark | 203a | 0155 | › |
||
„ | Double low-9 quotation mark | 201e | 0132 | „ |
Note 3 | |
‚ | Single low-9 quotation mark | 201a | 0130 | ‚ |
Note 3 | |
‛ | Single high-reversed-9 quotation mark | 201b | 8219 | ‛ |
||
Hyphens | ||||||
– | Hyphen-minus | 2d | 045 | – | - |
ASCII |
‐ | Hyphen | 2010 | 8208 | ‐ |
∉WGL4 | |
Soft hyphen | ad | 0173 | ­ |
Note 4 | ||
‑ | Nonbreaking hyphen | 2011 | 8209 | ‑ |
∉WGL4 | |
Other punctuation marks | ||||||
– | En dash | 2013 | 0150 | Ctrl-minus | – |
Note 5 |
— | Em dash | 2014 | 0151 | AltGr-minus | — |
Note 5 |
― | Horizontal bar | 2015 | 8213 | ― |
||
… | Horizontal ellipsis | 2026 | 0133 | AltGr-. | … |
|
¿ | Inverted question mark | bf | 0191 | AltGr-? | ¿ |
Note 6 |
¡ | Inverted exclama-tion mark | a1 | 0161 | AltGr-! | ¡ |
Note 6 |
‼ | Double exclama-tion mark | 203c | 8252 | ‼ |
||
· | Middle dot | b7 | 0183 | ·: |
||
· | Greek ano teleia | 387 | 903 | · |
Upper dot | |
• | Bullet | 2022 | 0149 | • |
||
〈 | Left-pointingangle bracket | 2329 | 9001 | ⟨ |
∉WGL4 | |
〉 | Right-pointingangle bracket | 2330 | 9002 | ⟩ |
∉WGL4 | |
Punctuation-like marks | ||||||
& | Ampersand | 26 | 038 | & | & |
|
< | Less-than sign | 3c | 060 | < | < |
|
> | Greater-than sign | 3e | 062 | > | > |
|
_ | Low line | 5f | 095 | _ | _ |
|
‗ | Double low line | 2017 | 8215 | ‗ |
||
‾ | Overline | 203e | 8254 | ‾ |
≠ macron | |
| | Vertical line | 7c | 0124 | | | | |
|
¦ | Broken bar | a6 | 0166 | ¦ |
||
¶ | Pilcrow sign | b6 | 0182 | Insert → | ¶ |
|
§ | Section sign | a7 | 0167 | Insert → | § |
|
† | Dagger | 2020 | 0134 | † |
||
‡ | Double dagger | 2021 | 0135 | ‡ |
||
@ | Commercial at | 40 | 064 | @ | @ |
|
\ | Reverse solidus | 5c | 092 | \ | \ |
|
# | Number sign | 23 | 035 | # | # |
|
‰ | Per mille sign | 2030 | 0137 | ‰ |
||
° | Degree sign | b0 | 0176 | ° |
||
′ | Prime | 2032 | 8242 | ′ |
≠ ‘ | |
″ | Double prime | 2033 | 8243 | ″ |
≠ “ | |
Spacing diacritic marks and similar charcters | ||||||
´ | Acute accent | b4 | 0180 | ´ ␠ | ´ |
Note 7 |
˘ | Breve | 2d8 | 728 | ˘ |
||
ˇ | Caron | 2c7 | 711 | ˇ |
||
¸ | Cedilla | b8 | 0184 | Ctrl-, ␠ | ¸ |
|
^ | Circumflex accent | 5e | 094 | ^ | ^ |
or: ^ ␠ |
¨ | Dieresis | a8 | 0168 | ¨ ␠ | ¨ |
|
˙ | Dot above | 2d9 | 729 | ˙ |
||
˝ | Double acute accent | 2dd | 733 | ˝ |
||
` | Grave accent | 60 | 096 | ` | ` |
or: ` ␠ |
¯ | Macron | af | 0175 | ¯ |
≠overline | |
ˆ | Modifier lettercircumflex | 2c6 | 710 | ˆ |
||
ˉ | Modifier letter macron | 2c9 | 713 | ˉ |
||
˛ | Ogonek | 2db | 731 | ˛ |
||
˚ | Ring above | 2da | 730 | ˚ |
||
˜ | Small tilde | 2dc | 0152 | ˜ |
||
~ | Tilde | 7e | 0126 | ~ | ~ |
or: ~ ␠ |
Arrows | ||||||
← | Leftward arrow | 2190 | 8592 | ← |
||
↑ | Upward arrow | 2191 | 8593 | ↑ |
||
→ | Rightward arrow | 2192 | 8594 | → |
||
↓ | Downward arrow | 2193 | 8595 | ↓ |
||
↔ | Left right arrow | 2194 | 8596 | ↔ |
||
↕ | Up down arrow | 2195 | 8597 | |||
↨ | Up down arrowwith base | 21a8 | 8616 | |||
↵ | Down and left arrow | 21b5 | 8629 | ↵ |
∉WGL4 | |
⇐ | Leftward double arrow | 21d0 | 8656 | ⇐ |
∉WGL4 | |
⇑ | Upward double arrow | 21d1 | 8657 | ⇑ |
∉WGL4 | |
⇒ | Rightward doublearrow | 21d2 | 8658 | ⇒ |
∉WGL4 | |
⇓ | Downward doublearrow | 21d3 | 8659 | ⇓ |
∉WGL4 | |
⇔ | Left right double arrow | 21d4 | 8660 | ⇔ |
||
Mathematical symbols | ||||||
≈ | Almost equal to | 2248 | 8776 | ≈ |
||
∠ | Angle | 2220 | 8736 | ∠ |
∉WGL4 | |
≅ | Approximately equal to | 2245 | 8773 | ≅ |
∉WGL4 | |
∗ | Asterisk operator | 2217 | 8727 | ∗ |
∉WGL4 | |
∙ | Bullet operator | 2219 | 8729 | ∙ |
||
⊕ | Circled plus | 2295 | 8853 | ⊕ |
∉WGL4 | |
⊗ | Circled times | 2297 | 8855 | ⊗ |
∉WGL4 | |
÷ | Division sign | f7 | 0247 | ÷ |
||
∕ | Division slash | 2215 | 8725 | ∕ |
||
⋅ | Dot operator | 22c5 | 8901 | ⋅ |
∉WGL4 | |
≥ | Greater-than orequal to | 2265 | 8805 | ≥ |
||
≡ | Identical to | 2261 | 8801 | ≡ |
||
∆ | Increment | 2206 | 8710 | ∆ |
||
∞ | Infinity | 221e | 8734 | ∞ |
||
∫ | Integral | 222b | 8747 | ∫ |
||
⌈ | Left ceiling | 2308 | 8968 | ⌈ |
∉WGL4 | |
⌊ | Left floor | 230a | 8970 | ⌊ |
∉WGL4 | |
≤ | Less-than or equal to | 2264 | 8804 | ≤ |
||
∧ | Logical and | 2227 | 8743 | ∧ |
∉WGL4 | |
∨ | Logical or | 2228 | 8744 | ∨ |
∉WGL4 | |
− | Minus sign | 2212 | 8722 | − |
||
× | Multiplication sign | d7 | 0215 | × |
||
∇ | Nabla | 2207 | 8711 | ∇ |
∉WGL4 | |
∏ | N-ary product | 220f | 8719 | ∏ |
||
∑ | N-ary summation | 2211 | 8721 | ∑ |
||
≠ | Not equal to | 2260 | 8800 | ≠ |
||
¬ | Not sign | ac | 0172 | ¬ |
||
∂ | Partial differential | 2202 | 8706 | ∂ |
||
± | Plus-minus sign | b1 | 0177 | ± |
||
∝ | Proportional to | 221d | 8733 | ∝ |
∉WGL4 | |
∟ | Right angle | 221f | 8735 | ∟ |
||
⌉ | Right ceiling | 2309 | 8969 | ⌉ |
∉WGL4 | |
⌋ | Right floor | 230b | 8971 | ⌋ |
∉WGL4 | |
√ | Square root | 221a | 8730 | √ |
||
∴ | Therefore | 2234 | 8756 | ∴ |
∉WGL4 | |
∼ | Tilde operator | 223c | 8764 | ∼ |
∉WGL4 | |
⊥ | Up tack | 22a5 | 8869 | ⊥ |
∉WGL4 | |
Set theory symbols | ||||||
∋ | Contains as member | 220b | 8715 | ∋ |
∉WGL4 | |
∈ | Element of | 2208 | 8712 | ∈ |
∉WGL4 | |
∅ | Empty set | 2205 | 8709 | ∅ |
∉WGL4 | |
∀ | For all | 2200 | 8704 | ∀ |
∉WGL4 | |
∩ | Intersection | 2229 | 8745 | ∩ |
||
∉ | Not an element of | 2209 | 8713 | ∉ |
∉WGL4 | |
⊄ | Not a subset of | 2284 | 8836 | ⊄ |
∉WGL4 | |
⊂ | Subset of | 2282 | 8834 | ⊂ |
∉WGL4 | |
⊆ | Subset of or equal to | 2286 | 8838 | ⊆ |
∉WGL4 | |
⊃ | Superset of | 2283 | 8835 | ⊃ |
∉WGL4 | |
⊇ | Superset of or equal to | 2287 | 8839 | ⊇ |
∉WGL4 | |
∃ | There exists | 2203 | 8707 | ∃ |
∉WGL4 | |
∪ | Union | 222a | 8746 | ∪ |
∉WGL4 | |
Miscellaneous technical symbols | ||||||
⌂ | House | 2302 | 8962 | ⌂ |
||
⌐ | Reversed not sign | 2310 | 8976 | ⌐ |
||
⌠ | Top half integral | 2320 | 8992 | ⌠ |
||
⌡ | Bottom half integral | 2321 | 8993 | ⌡ |
||
Miscellaneous symbols | ||||||
☺ | White smiling face | 263a | 9786 | ☺ |
||
☻ | Black smiling face | 263b | 9787 | ☻ |
||
☼ | White sun with rays | 263c | 9788 | ☼ |
||
♀ | Female sign | 2640 | 9792 | ♀ |
||
♂ | Male sign | 2642 | 9794 | ♂ |
||
♠ | Black spade suit | 2660 | 9824 | ♠ |
||
♣ | Black club suit | 2663 | 9827 | ♣ |
||
♥ | Black heart suit | 2665 | 9829 | ♥ |
||
♦ | Black diamond suit | 2666 | 9830 | ♦ |
||
♪ | Eighth note | 266a | 9834 | ♪ |
||
♫ | Beamed eighth notes | 266b | 9835 | ♫ |
||
Geometric shapes | ||||||
■ | Black square | 25a0 | 9632 | ■ |
||
□ | White square | 25a1 | 9633 | □ |
||
▪ | Black small square | 25aa | 9642 | ▪ |
||
▫ | White small square | 25ab | 9643 | ▫ |
||
▬ | Black rectangle | 25ac | 9644 | ▬ |
||
▲ | Black up-pointingtriangle | 25b2 | 9650 | ▲ |
||
► | Black right-pointingtriangle | 25b2 | 9658 | ► |
||
▼ | Black down-point.triangle | 25bc | 9660 | ▼ |
||
◄ | Black left-pointingtriangle | 25c4 | 9668 | ◄ |
||
◊ | Lozenge | 25ca | 9674 | ◊ |
||
○ | White circle | 25cb | 9675 | ○ |
||
● | Black circle | 25cf | 9679 | ● |
||
◘ | Inverse bullet | 25d8 | 9688 | ◘ |
||
◙ | Inverse white circle | 25d9 | 9689 | ◙ |
||
◦ | White bullet | 25e6 | 9702 | ◦ |
||
Spaces | ||||||
Space | 20 | 032 | ␠ |   |
space bar | |
No-break space | a0 | 0160 | Ctrl-Shift-␠ | |
||
Em space | 2003 | 8195 | Insert → |   |
∉WGL4 | |
En space | 2002 | 8194 | Insert → |   |
∉WGL4 | |
Four-per-em space | 2005 | 8197 | Insert → |   |
∉WGL4 | |
Thin space | 2009 | 8201 |   |
∉WGL4 | ||
Invisible controls | ||||||
Zero width non-joiner | 200c | 8204 | ‌ |
∉WGL4 | ||
Zero width joiner | 200d | 8205 | ‍ |
∉WGL4 | ||
Left-to-right mark | 200e | 8206 | ‎ |
∉WGL4 | ||
Right-to-left mark | 200f | 8207 | ‏ |
∉WGL4 |
If you enjoyed this excerpt, buy a copy of Unicode Explained.
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/xml/excerpts/unicode-explained/tables-writing-characters.html
horizontal divider lines in Word
There are a few different ways to create horizontal divider lines in Word 2007 and Word 2010. The most commonly used one is done by typing three hyphens (—) and then pressing Enter:
If you want a dotted line, use three asterisks (***):
Three equal signs (===) gives you a double line:
Three underscores (___) makes a divider of medium thickness:
Three number signs (###) generates a thicker line with borders:
And three tildes (~~~) creates a wavy line:
If you ever want to delete one of these lines, you may find it tricky to remove. That’s because they’re not actually lines, they are borders. To remove one, select the line and the paragraph that precedes it, click on the Border button on theHome tab in the Paragraph group and select No Border.
- You’ve inserted space characters between the words and the hyphen characters. When you enter spaces between the hyphens, Word formats the hyphens as an en dash ( – ), which is shorter than an em dash.
- Someone has disabled the AutoCorrect option that formats hyphens as an em dash.
Now, this default won’t work for everyone every single time. If you occasionally need two hyphens instead of an em dash, you can press [Ctrl]+Z and Word will undo the em dash character and restore the hyphens. If you find yourself doing this a lot, it might be more efficient to disable the AutoCorrect option and enter an em dash, when you require it, manually. You can disable this option as follows:
- From the Tools menu, choose AutoCorrect Options.
- Click the AutoFormat As You Type tab.
- Uncheck the Hyphens ( — ) With ( — ) option.
After disabling the AutoCorrect option, you’ll have to enter an em dash manually. Fortunately, there are three easy methods:
- Press [Ctrl]+[Alt]+-. You must use the minus sign (-) on the numeric keypad; if you use the hyphen character on the alphanumeric keypad, Word will change the cursor.
- Hold down the [Alt] key and type 0151 on the numeric keypad.
- Choose Symbol from the Insert menu, click the Special Characters tab, highlight the em dash, and click Insert.
alternatively, you can hold down the ALT key, and then type in 0151 on the numeric keypad to create it.
make sure to type in all four digits, not 151, but 0151.
if you want more special characters. go to windows start, click on programs, then click on accessories, and select the character map.
Footnotes in a Microsoft Word document
Uploaded on Aug 14, 2009
In order to insert a footnote in a Microsoft Word document, simply go to the “References” tab and select “Insert Footnote.” Find out how to add the contents of a footnote once it has been set up with help from a computer programmer and trainer in this free video on using footnotes in Microsoft Word.
Expert: Don Lesser
Bio: Don Lesser has worked with computers since 1980
Filmmaker: Christian Munoz-Donoso